Example Of Online Travel Online - 1331 Words

CTA - Book your flights now at low rate call us on Toll-Free:1-888-301-5548 About: We at Travelers point have created a solid base which helps you to book your tickets online, in our online website that lets you select the best flight for your travel to any destination around the globe within your budget. The site is created to provide you with a comfortable allowance of navigating and choosing from the best available options currently accessible in your region. The easy access to the site will allow you to pick the best from the list of a variety of options to ensure comfortable, safe and pleasant flight for you and your family. You can book a trip by calling us and letting us know your requirements for your journey. We provide our†¦show more content†¦Are you planning to travel? Is it on-season or off-season? We have a fast and straightforward process to get you your airline ticket booked. Follow our specially designed easy procedure and provide us with your requirements for your planned journey and let us make arrangements for you to get your ai rline ticket booked. Facing trouble to get an airline ticket booked connect with us using our email address support@travellerspoint.net Phone support: Travellers point phone communication supports an extended service to the clients around the globe allowing all the on boarded clients to make online ticket booking for their domestic and international flight journey over a phone call. We have our mechanism with all the local and global airlines hence providing we can provide you with all the booking arrangements. Chat support: Travellers point high-end chat supports services in its new version windowed chat box providing two-way communication between you and our agent for exchange of essential information regarding your travel journey. This chat conversation is performed on our secure server furthermore giving safety to your confidential data. Call back request: Travellers point is providing last minutes services to clients helping them with quick arrangements for their travel booking journey. We can arrange a call back to your number; give us a missedShow MoreRelatedMy Ineffective Service Technology Experience And Recommendations For It1656 Words   |  7 PagesToday a lot of people use technology such as computers, smartphones, and tablets to get information, to buy something, and to communicate with family and friends. Since technology has been developed, people’s lives have also been changed. One of the examples is that many companies have started to sell their products through the Internet and customers look for goods and buy them on the Internet. Before technology was developed, people had to go to stores to purchase products. However, we can look forRead MoreE Commerce Retailing And Services Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesmerchants use to integrate their online and offline sales channel beyond having an online store. The offline retailers diversify their marketing strategy to succeed on the web. Consumers use computers, tablets, and mobile devices to find the lowest-cost products and to complete a retail transaction. Thus, the retailers have developed a marketing strategy to integrate the online and offline experiences. The three techniques that the retail merchants use to integrate their online and offline include the interactiveRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1632 Words   |  7 PagesToday a lot of people use technology such as computers, smartphones, and tablets to get information, to buy something, and to communicate with family and friends. Since technology has been developed, people’s lives have also been changed. One of the examples is that many companies have started to sell their products through the Internet and customers look for goods and buy them on the Internet. Before technology was developed, people had to go to stores to purchase products. However, we can lo ok forRead MoreThe Value Chain of Expedia Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesof low prices, convenience, and access to special time-sensitive deals and travel packages. For example, Expedia is an online travel company, and is the third-party integrators for the leisure and travel industry that uses value chains. Nearly six out of 10 Americans now shop online and more than four out of 10 use online bank. Twenty hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute, while 5 percent of all time online is spent on the social networking site, Facebook (Christophe 2010). ConsumersRead MoreOnline Travel Agency Supply Chain1684 Words   |  7 PagesTravel Agency Supply Chain Travel Agency Supply Chain With eCommerce technology rapidly improving and the number of people using the Internet increasing everyday, brick and mortar travel agencies are turning to non-traditional methods when developing their supply chain. Over the past 10 years the supply chain of the travel agency has evolved tremendously in order to incorporate the use of websites to promote online sales. In the following paper we will first describe the supply chain forRead MorePrice Dispersion, Competition, And The Role Of Online Travel Agents1742 Words   |  7 PagesPrice dispersion, competition, and the role of online travel agents: Evidence from business routes in the Italian airline market In this study they use research to further understand what’s driving price dispersion? They investigate very distinct factors between online travel agents and airlines’ direct channels influence price dispersion. Airline markets are characterized by the existence of substantial price dispersion, to be intended as a measure of price variations in the market. Indeed, it isRead MoreOnline Accommodation Processes Literature And Hereafter Map Demarcate Attitude Patterns During The Process1735 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy is to thorough review online accommodation processes literature and hereafter map demarcate attitude patterns during the process. The goal of this research is to put forward a statistically based framework based on clickstream/log file analysis of both the internal and external impacts of the process. The internal process impacts (the individual themselves, search engines, third parties/social media sites and hotel websites) and the external process impacts ( online access devices and user visualRead MoreBenefits Of Online Travel Agencies Essay1437 Words   |  6 Pagesno longer need to visit local travel retailers. Thus the online travel agencies(OTAs) take customers away, shrinking the travel retailers’ market share to one third. For example, in United States, the travel retail location declined from 34,000 in the mid-1990s to13,000 in 2013. (L. Weber, 2013) OTAs have somehow substituted travel retailers and become another intermediate between customers and merchants. The influence of Internet is determinant and deadly for travel retailers targeting on middleRead MoreEssay On How To Buy Currency827 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Buy Currency: Online or in-store? Abroad or at home? When you are planning for a holiday abroad, you also need to think about money. Not just the cost of your holiday but what the local currency is. Even though we live in the era of credit cards and wireless payments, you want to exchange some local currency to pay for essentials. Sometimes card payments don’t go through or they are indeed costlier than using local currency and you don’t want to find yourself unable to pay for food, drinksRead More External Forces Shaping The Future Of The Airline Industry Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst trend discussed will illustrate the effect that online booking has had on the way airlines do business. The second trend will describe how obesity has caused new standards to be set within the industry. The final trend will explain how the demand for business-related travel has been decreased from the use of new technologies. This paper will close with a brief synopsis of the most relevant trend to the industry—the decrease i n business travel due to new technologies. DESCRIPTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following

The Horror Of The Gothic Genre - 940 Words

The Gothic genre often reproduces a conservative paranoid structure when it comes to homophobia and other moral panics over sex (Hanson, Pg. 176). Eve Sedgwick depicts this in her work, ‘Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosexual Desire’ as she discusses how these ideas (paranoia) are represented within the Gothic, in what she describes as the ‘homosocial’ in reference to male bonds (Sedgwick, Pg. 86). She also discusses how bonds between men exist as the backbone of social form and forms (Sedgwick, Pg. 86). Thus, a consequence of said structure is the ability to define, control, and manipulate male bonds, which in turn becomes an inexplicably powerful instrument of social control (Sedgwick, Pg. 86). Thus, homosexuality is represented as the ‘unspeakable’ within the Gothic, as it has been defined, controlled, and manipulated to be such though social control. Therefore, this paper will discuss how ‘homosocial’ bonds between men, are used as a tool in social control and used as a way to produce paranoia and moral panic, thus in reference to the Gothic, these forms epitomize homosexuality as the ‘unspeakable,’ especially through homosexual representations within the contexts of ghosts and haunted houses. Sedgwick describes one of the most distinctive Gothic tropes, as the ‘unspeakable’ (Sedgwick, Pg. 94), through this trope, she explains how sexuality between men has been recognized as having no name, essentially being ‘unspeakable’, ‘unmentionable’, and ‘not to beShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Develoment of the Horror Genre1076 Words   |  5 Pages The term Gothic is significant for the understanding of the origins and development of the horror genre. Both of these genres differ, whilst Gothic literature is the text that explores the frightening extremes in mankind, horror focuses more on the unknown. The Gothic horror genre has changed over time and retains importance because it is the antecedent of the horror genre. Factors such as the definition of the word Gothic, the archetypes of the genre, and its social and historical contexts, haveRead MoreEvolution of Horror Essays1497 Words   |  6 Pages2013 The Evolution of Horror For centuries, stories of monsters, demons and other unholy abominations have brought fear to the hearts of audiences in commercially convenient doses. Noel Carroll, Ph.D., in his article â€Å"The Nature of Horror†, argues that the existence of monsters and supernatural entities alone do not define a horror novel or film â€Å"for monsters inhabit all sorts of stories, such as fairy tales, myths, and odysseys, that we are not wont to identify as horror† (Carroll). One can thereforeRead MoreThe Qualification of Daphne Du Mauriers Rebecca as a Gothic Novel851 Words   |  3 PagesRebecca as a Gothic Novel One of mankind’s most valuable gifts is the ability to feel emotions and be able to react to them in a variety of ways. One of these emotions can be recognized as horror. Horror can be directly related as an immense sensation of fear, anxiety, and despair. Horror is adored by some and abhorred by others. Most importantly, there exist many sources for frightening media and information. One genre of literature that tends to provide horror can be known as Gothic LiteratureRead MoreThe Gothic Elements Of Frankenstein922 Words   |  4 PagesBlake Sisson Mrs. Schroder Honors English IV December 8 2016 The Gothic Elements of Frankenstein Gothic novels are stories written in the gothic genre which is a literature genre of fiction characterized by an atmosphere of mystery and horror. This genre rose to, and flourished in, popularity during the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the most famous novels of this Genre is Frankenstein, also known as the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Frankenstein is about a scientist who creates a grotesqueRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray965 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray, it is clear that Frankenstein is a novel that can be placed into both the gothic and horror genre, although it is a gothic novel secondary to it being a horror novel; The picture of Dorian Gray isn’t so clear in this regard. On a first reading, one may assume the story to be gothic literature and only gothic literature because of the sheer amount of gothic characteristics and elements that the text presents that include, but are not limited to; byronic heroism, aRead MoreHow Is Gothic Illustrated in Frankenstein Up to Chapter 11807 Words   |  4 Pagesthe gothic illustrated in Frankenstein up to chapter 11? The gothic genre has many defining qualities and features, and as a gothic novel, Frankenstein (or the Modern Prometheus) exhibits some of these traits. However, due to the time period in which it was written by Mary Shelley there are also many features of Romanticism apparent in the novel, such as the emphasis on the beauty and restorative powers of nature in chapters 8 and 9. Therefore it is questionable which aspects of the Gothic genreRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1133 Words   |  5 Pagesincorporates nearly all of the gothic elements. While this piece of art may not contain all of the gothic elements, it is the epitome of a gothic short story. In The Tell-Tale Heart, the setting seems to be inside an old house, which strengthens the atmosphere of mystery and suspense. The madness and overall insanity of the narrator illustrates the sense of high, overwrought emotion. The presence of creaking hinges and the darkness represent the metonymies of gloom and horror throughout the story. SustainingRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pages poetry can grip the heart—the mind can be an awfully dark place. Within gothic poetry the horror and fears of the poet lie just beyond the words of the poem itself. The words are emotional viscera given form. Poetry is aesthetic and inspiring and its brevity extends it to forms beyond itself. The works of romantic poets have been recycled and reimagined as a result of our continued love affair with the ideas of the gothic and supernatural. The works of various authors, directors, artists, and musiciansRead MoreWhat is meant by the term gothic1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthe term ‘gothic’? How far and in what ways is ‘Frankenstein’ a gothic text? Gothic literature, which is sometimes referred to as Gothic horror, is a genre that links horror and romance into one tale of ‘transgressing the boundaries’. Gothicism was unheard of until the late 1700’s, this movement into a new genre of literature. This was pioneered by the English author Horace Walpole, in his famous fictional book ‘The Castle of Otranto’, or as Walpole alternatively titled it ‘a Gothic story’. HoraceRead MoreGothic Realism And The Vampire Sub Cultures1512 Words   |  7 Pageshave ultimately transcended narrative boundaries and genre divides and the Vampire sub-cultures flourish in neo-gothic aesthetic from science fiction and fantasy, romantic and young adult literature and in celluloid. Vampire graphic narratives are finding increased popularity and have since developed into an â€Å"Iconic popular culture phenomenon drawing an obsession and fascination globally†. (Jacqueline, Ng, 2014) So what inspired this new genre of graphic narrative? Ghouls, ghosts and terrifying

Drylab 3 free essay sample

BrF3 has trigonal bipyramid electron group arrangement (3 bonds+2 lone pairs) but not corners are occupied by identical atoms (2 have lone pairs of Br) so the dipole moments do not cancel out and the molecule has a net dipole moment SF4 has again trigonal bipyramid electron group arrangement (4 bonds + 1 lone pair) with one lone pair at one of the corners so, it has a net dipole moment SF6 has octahedral electron group arrangement (6 single bonds) and since all corners have F atoms the dipole moments of the bonds cancel each other and the molecule has no net dipole moment. 1. 2 What is the orbital hybridization of a central atom that has one lone pair and bonds to: (a) two other atoms ;(b) three other atoms ;(c) four other atoms; (d) five other atoms? Answer: If the central atom has one lone pair and 1Â  other atom: sp hybrid 2 other atoms: sp2 hybrid 3 other atoms: sp3 hybrid 4 other atoms: sp3d hybrid 5 other atoms:sp3d2 hybrid a. We will write a custom essay sample on Drylab 3 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page sp2 hybrid (b) sp3 hybrid (c). sp3d hybrid (d). sp3d2 hybrid 11. 6 Give the number and type of hybrid orbital that forms when each set of atomic orbitals mixes. . one p and one s b, three p, one d, and one s Answer. (a) The type of hybrid is sp and the number of orbitals are 2 ,one for s and one . for p or [two sp hybrid] (b). The type of hybrid sp3d and the orbitals are 5 11. 10 what is the hybridization of bromine in each of the following: (a) BrF3; (b ) BrO2- (c) BrF5 Answer (a). The Lewis structure of BrF3 has 5 electron pairs 3 bonding and 2 nonbonding ,therefore it follows sp3d hybrid (b). similarly, BrO- sp3 hybrid and (c)BrF5 sp3d2

Inflation in the 1970s

Monetary policy During inflation, the economy overheats, as the aggregate demand surpasses the level of economic growth. Thereby, the central bank plays a major role in employing the monetary policy, which encourages more saving than spending (Barsky and Lutz 18).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Inflation in the 1970s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most appropriate method is increasing interest rates, where, borrowing becomes very expensive, and people resolve to save instead of borrowing and spending money recklessly. Essentially, there is an increase in the opportunity cost of spending, and homeowners with mortgage find it too expensive to service their mortgage loans. With a decrease in borrowings, the real money supply in the economy reduces significantly. Companies also find it very expensive to borrow monies from banks, thus, they end up making very few investments. Moreover, when the interest ra te is significantly high, the exchange rate increases, and the inflation pressures reduce. This reduces the demand for exports and makes imports slightly inexpensive. The situation becomes very difficult, as some businesses experience losses in some of their investment projects. The entire scenario leads to an aggregate decrease in demand, where, buyers barely have enough money to spend, and the sellers have to reduce the prices of their products to obtain customers. Monetary policy is very effective in keeping inflation under control, as long as the interest rates are high. Fiscal policy The fiscal policy targets the demand side, and its effects to the economy resemble those of the monetary policy. During inflation, the government aims at reducing the flow of money in the economy by increasing direct taxes to the citizens. This approach helps in reducing the amount of disposable income, as the citizens have to pay high taxes for every income that they earn or spend. High income tax es and high value added taxes play a significant role in reducing consumer spending.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such a scenario aids and maintain steady budgeting, and thus, it supports economic growth in a given nation. The increased tariffs escalate the leakage rates, and the consumers are left with barely enough money to spend. Another approach of employing the fiscal policy is through the reduction of government spending in the economy. In such a case, the reduced injections into the circular flow of the economy trim down the demand, which reduces inflation, and the general growth of the economy reduces significantly. Exchange rate policy Whenever the value of a currency appreciates, the exports become expensive, where, the volume of exports reduce significantly. Moreover, the aggregate demand for exports reduces significantly, and the firms in the country have to reduce their prices to remain competitive in the global market. Whenever the currency in a particular nation is high, the import prices reduce significantly; therefore, firms that depend on imported raw materials experience reduced manufacturing costs. With that, the firms can sell their products at low prices, and still make profits. Income policy Direct wage control is an important aspect of fiscal policy because it sets limits of wage bill and decrease expenditure in the government. A government experiencing inflation can restrict pay rise for government employees to cut on its expenditures. Moreover, the government can go ahead and persuade private sector employers to control their wage levels. Despite the fact that low wage growth moderates inflation rate and reduces forces of inflation, it does not control inflation rate effectively. Labour market and supply side policies Reducing persistent uncompetitive markets and creation of flexible labour markets would play a great r ole in reducing inflationary pressures. The government can take part in weakening labour unions and encouraging part-time employment.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Inflation in the 1970s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although flexible labour markets lead to an increase in job insecurity, the increased flexibility in the labour markets would play a great role in helping firms to reduce their labour costs and thus reduce inflationary pressures. The lower cost per unit of production would enable firms to achieve economic growth without necessarily increasing their prices. Economic policies that controlled inflation in the 1970s The United States experienced a period of stagflation in the 1970s, where, the economic growth rate was slow and the inflation rates were considerably high. However, Milton Friedman, an American economist, believed that monetary supply was the issue affecting the economy. He theref ore insisted that the monetary policy would play a significant role in combating inflation of the 1970s. In 1979, Paul Volcker, the Federal Reserve Chairperson, employed the monetary policy, which played a great role in reducing inflation. The increment of interest rates provides a way for the government to discourage spending and borrowing. In the middle part of 1970s, the interest rates increased to about 12%, as there was an excessive growth in the economy (Biven 28). Citizens resolved to save, and the real money supply in the economy reduced significantly. Although the monetary policy was the basis of the severe 1981-1982 recession period, it played a great role in combating the inflation of the 1970s. Phillips curve and its application in the 1970s inflation Phillips curve seeks to analyse the macro-economic situation and explain the correlation between inflation levels and the unemployment levels in any given economy. Since its implementation, the Philips curve has played a gr eat role in managing the trade cycle, where, it helps policy makers to manage aggregate demand whenever the economy encounters high unemployment rates, inflation, and severe recession periods. Essentially, the Philips curve indicated that wage inflation and unemployment levels have an inverse relationship. It is evident that changes in the levels of unemployment determine the price inflation levels in any economy. If, for example, there is an increase in the demand for labour, the unemployment levels fall, as firms raise their wages to compete for the few labourers available. During the inflation period of the 1970s, the government had to select the most appropriate rate of inflation and work towards achieving it. Friedman studied the Phillips curve carefully, and discovered that the economy consisted of a series of short run Phillips curves that explained the natural rate of unemployment.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The short run Phillips curves played a great role in determining the existing inflation rate. Indeed, the entire period running through 1970-1979 had three short run Phillips curves that explained the upward shift of inflation expectations during the period. While applying Milton Friedman’s monetary policy, the Phillips curve was imperative, and the economists had to contract or expand the economy accordingly to achieve the most appropriate rate of inflation (Marvin and King 993). The Phillips curve was imperative in incorporating the negative supply shocks experienced during the inflation period. Therefore, although the stagflation period presented a breakdown of the Phillips curve in the 1970s, the curve had some relevance in achieving the monetary policy that combated the great inflation. Works Cited Barsky, Robert and Kilian Lutz. A Monetary Explanation of the Great Stagflation of the 1970s. Michigan: University of Michigan, 2010. Print. Biven, Carl. Jimmy Carter’s Economy: Policy in an Age of Limits. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. Print. Marvin, Goodfriend and Robert King. â€Å"The Incredible Volcker Disinflation.† Journal of Monetary Economics 52.1 (2005): 981-1015. Print. Appendix 1: Phillips curve shifts, 1970-1979 This term paper on Inflation in the 1970s was written and submitted by user Samson Barton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women in Russian History an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Women in Russian History Natalia Pushkarevas book` women in Russian History: from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century entails a clear and extensive scrutiny at the series of events involving women that unfolded in the period between the two centuries. This chronological account looks at the diversified average and extraordinary history of women in Russia. The writer dwells on topics touching diplomatic activities, poor and unmarried women in Russian villages, dental problems and their rights own property. Need essay sample on "Women in Russian History" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Pushkareva uniqueness has seen her highlight womens private lives. A woman in Russian history defines their accomplishments family life, everyday tasks, routines and exploitation. It also reveals that the ideal perception widely spread over the country about women is not completely the reality. The four chapter write covers women in politics, academics, culture and revolutionary groups showing the changes experienced in these fields respectively. Although its all about women, nobility and the peasant population takes the highest percentage in terms of coverage. Further attention on merchants and urban employees is emphasized looking at their struggles steps and goals achieved towards good living standards. Workers in Russia have been facing problems in working conditions and pay rates; women especially have a tendency of exploitation which seems contrary to the insights provided by law. A womans life is hence not as easy as it seems in Russia because, they engage in economical as well as family orientated activities; with others acting as sole bread winners in some family settings. Clerics in Russia have for a long time side lined women and their rights, viewing them as inferior; this in turn has caused rifts in their social interaction and relationships. A majority as a result dislike or rather despises them and their family members; especially wives and daughters no wonder Natalia too did not focus on the latter. Since earlier times, women in Russia rights to education were not fully accomplished, so, a large number of them do not possess even basic knowledge leading to high levels of illiteracy in women population. It is also evident that only wealthy families had access to these institutions and as a result peasants had little or nothing to do about it. Due to this reason surprisingly, daughters borne of Russian merchants are viewed as unintelligent, idlers and educationally uninterested. The reason is not unhappiness with schooling or the strictness, personal choice or parental decision, NO; its because, during the earlier centuries, Russian universities banned female examiners and courses for the women fraternity. With activism for reforms in the sector, changes later on saw their consideration. The pursuits therefore, clear any doubt on female interest in education. Natalias work caters for the criticism and stereotyping on Russian women especially by Western peoples. This lot seems to believe that women in the region are in a piteous position basing reasons on lack of independence and self-reliance. Critics on Russian women feel that little has been done on women, in terms of rights and health but Pushkareva has countered these opinions candidly and completely. In turn she acknowledges the fact that although women have dental problems, only the elderly suffer most consequences due to unawareness during their times on how to handle such cases. Russia women today are conversant with every aspect of dental health with their enrollment in medical courses increasing. It is also evident that women in Russia were empowered in their societies, although changes are taking a new shape, from the period of Kievan Rus to the scrambling of the Soviet Union: as key role players than they have ever been in the conventional opinions or allocated for in the cons titution. Women as mothers and family care-takers continue to triumph in other fields that men have excelled even after their denial on equality. Russian politics are seeing women involvement actively, although there stand a split on media coverage, good number hit headlines every other day. Unfortunately, success has not been achieved in getting rid of false beliefs and the bleak lifestyles about Russian women. Many captivating aspects on life struggles by these women have been witnessed; from single-mother family settings, academic Excellency to political association. Russian religious institutions especially the Orthodox Church, in conjunction with the peasant culture and traditions; have increased vigilance in their efforts that try to hamper or rather seem limiting women involvement in the community. The book has a context of achievements in ordinary and widespread goals and in particular the rights to acquire and own property and in judicial policies. Although loopholes in several issues appear mostly in the assessment of Russian women in the twentieth century, considerable work is realizable in the depiction and execution of pre-Moscovite period of the Russian history. Parental responsibility by women is quite openly expressed; affectionate is the terminology used in its definition. Similarly, the interdependence and mutuality tabled in most privately owned publications in real sense minimally relates or even tries to confirm the warnings on women demeanor, the strategies and the recommendation for their willingness to obey their spouses. A reason given by critiques, for most women unluckiness to have marriage proposals: This in the wake of events, a noticeable population still unwed or single. Majority believe and accord Natalias description on women in Russia, thumbs up. Inde ed, its a comprehensive account of the way things have been and are for the female population in Russia. REFERENCES Natalia Pushkareva. Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century: M.E. Sharpe, 1997.

Sociology of Everyday Life

Sociology of Everyday Life Sociologists and philosophers have developed a number of theories to explain everyday life and other related issues such as social relations, face to face interactions, the construction and conception of social realities among others. While some sociologists believe that every day life is a stream of disorganized events, others contradict this view and propose that daily events are deliberately contracted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is among the many definitions of sociology of everyday life (Allan 53). The sociology of everyday life is important to the study of Sociology since it enables sociologist to understand the complexities of everyday life and the factors that determine social interactions. Harold Garfinkel and Erving Goffman are among major sociologists who have contributed to the study of sociology of every day life. Goffman and Garfinkel agree that there exist social rules which govern daily lives. By following these rules, people become actors. Furthermore, through daily interactions people express themselves. Therefore, Garfinkel’s and Goffman’s contributions are vital to the understanding the sociology of everyday life Garfinkel’s and Goffman’s ideologies on the sociology of daily life have been interpreted differently by critics. However, the two sociologists agree that through social interactions, societies are made (Allan 257). Garfinkel and Goffman further agree that there exist rules which govern how people interact. These rules are socially constructed and are the basis of establishing a well ordered society. Goffmanian school of thought postulates that social rules are useful in daily life interactions since they not only help in directing social interactions but also help people to make â€Å"social meaning and the definition of the self† (Maynard 278). In this regard, Goffmanian school of thought suggests that self identity is created through social interactions. To explain this concept, Goffman uses heterosexuals as examples and suggest that heterosexuals can determine how people perceive them by managing how they appear in public. According to Garfinkel daily interactions are governed by preexisting rules which cannot be easily changed (Allan 83). This implies that the society is made up of rigid rules, whose adherence determines how people fit into it. Garfinkel and Goffman acknowledge that societies cannot exist without rules. Furthermore, both Goffman and Garfinkel focus on the relationship between people and these rules. Both Garfinkel and Goffman postulate that people’s lives are governed by existing rules. This suggests that people are actors in every day life. Goffman suggest that rules enable people to conduct daily interactions. By asserting that rules are interactions enablers, Goffman elevates people above the rules.Advertisin g Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that social rules exist to serve the complex and dynamic nature of human interactions needs. As such, the rules can change or be violated as human needs evolve. Goffman adds that violating the rules does not threaten social interactions but enables actors to derive new social meanings. As such, through social interactions, people portray their self-centeredness (Allan 56). Similarly, Garfinkel explains that social interactions occur within rigid social rules. However, Garfinkel contradicts Goffman and explains that social norms do not change within the course of interaction. As such people become actors since they follow predetermined social norms. This implies that, unlike Goffman, Garfinkel elevates social rules above the actor. As such, the rules do not exist to serve the actor but to govern the way the actors conduct daily interact ions (Maynard 278). Therefore, actors have to continuously learn what the society requires of them so as to maintain social order. Both Garfinkel and Goffman assert that daily interactions are a way of expressing the self. Garfinkelian school of thought postulates that a person is made up of two major components; personality and the self. These components don’t evolve but are constructed. The self is different from the personality. Sociology does not explain personality since the personality is not constructed socially. Rather, it is constructed psychologically. On the other hand, psychology cannot explain the self since the self is constructed socially. Therefore, self identity is constructed through the sociology of everyday life. Garfinkelian school of thought concludes that daily interactions not only help to construct but also to express the self (Allan 54). Similarly, Goffmanian school of thought stipulates that the self is expressed through social interactions. The sel f is covert and the only way it can be revealed is through face-to-face interactions. Through these interactions, people give social signal which reveal personal traits. These social signals help others form notions about us (Allan 157). As such, Garfinkel and Goffman suggest that social interactions not only help in forming self identity but also expressing it. Garfinkel and Goffman have made major contributions to sociology of everyday life, with significant effects on the wider field of sociology. The two sociologists have asserted that the society is a product of social interactions since people construct and derive meaning through face to face interactions. Within the process of daily interactions, there exist rules which govern how people interact. As such, people become actors. Social interactions are also significant since they not only enable people to express themselves but also in contracting self identity. Despite the fact that Garfinkel and Goffman differ on some aspect s, their theories have made significant contribution to sociology of everyday life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Allan, Kenneth. Contemporary Social and Sociological Theory: Visualizing Social ` Words. Thousands Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2010. Print. Maynard, Douglas. â€Å"Goffman, Garfinkel, and Games.† Sociological Theory 9.2 (1991): ` 277-279. Web.

Global prespective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Global prespective - Essay Example The country has been described as one of the most stable Middle Eastern economies with a relatively good security situation. Since the gulf war in which the country was involved, Qatar has been a peaceful haven for business activities in the area. The government plays a huge role in the determination of what businesses should or should not run. The government has in recent times executed heavy censorship in the liquor and food businesses to the point of being authoritarian where different liquor business have been closed and no explanation offered for the same. Other businesses have however run independently. The country has good bilateral relationships with the United States and there are many US companies operating in the area hence it will be easy to establish our operations. American workers and companies face a little discrimination in the country as the countrys leadership attempts to maintain a pious image elsewhere while projecting the west as corrupt. There are however, no i ncidences of extreme fundamentalism. Qatars economy is hugely oil-based. The country has huge oil reserves that are estimated to last at least another century. The country has attempted to diversify from petroleum although it still accounts for more than 50% of the countrys Gross Domestic Product. The country embraces the ideals of free trade with limitation to business enterprises that have a connection with the Sharia law. The country has an effective tertiary industry with easily accessible banking and insurance services. The Qatar Financial center affords financial institutions globally competitive services, capital support and no interest loans(Forbes, 2012). The country has a cheap and efficient road transport owing to the low prices of petroleum and word-class road network. Communication is as developed with good internet and telephone coverage. The country has a good number of local and international media

Dosing of cephalosporines in renal failure pateints Research Proposal

Dosing of cephalosporines in renal failure pateints - Research Proposal Example Aim- To understand the dosing of Cephalosporin in Renal failure patients. Method and Design Physical examination- should be performed for edema, ascites, dehydration. Measurement of body weight and height is performed. In obese patients the ideal body weight should be calculated and dose of drug should be planned consequently. Renal function- Estimation of creatine clearance (the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine in a unit time). Elimination of drugs is directly proportional to GFR (drugs excreted by kidneys). The Cockroft- Gault equation to estimate Clcr for age between 40- 80 years. Clcr (mL/min) = (140-age)x weight in kgs / 72 x serum creatinine (in mg/ dL) x (0.85 for women). Assessment of GFR from serum creatinine level presumes the stability of renal function and also formulate that serum creatinine measurement is constant. If there is alteration in renal function, the creatinine level does not indicate the true clearance. In case of oliguria, Clcr is approxi mated as 10mL/min. In cases with acute renal failure, the non-renal clearance of medicines diminishes by means of time window of renal failure. In the initial course of the therapy, personalized pharmacokinetic dose for patients with severe renal impairment is vital.

Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay Example for Free

Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is an important model in finance theory. CAPM is a theory or model use to calculate the risk and expected return rate of an investment portfolio (normally refer to stocks or shares). All stocks have 2 risks: Systematic Risk (also called Market Risk which affect every stocks) and Unsystematic Risk (also called Specific or Unique Risk that only affects individual stocks). To diversify unsystematic risk, we selected and combined different stocks, which are negatively correlated with one another into one portfolio. In this way risk are eliminated greatly. See diagram below. CAPM Equation The general formula used for Capital Asset Pricing Model is: re = rf + [ ß (rm rf) ] where the components are as follows: re = Expected return rate of the investment portfolio rf = Risk free rate of return ß = Beta (correlation between the shares and the market) rm = Expected market return which also means: rm rf = Market risk (systematic risk) ß (rm rf) = Risk premium *Beta is overall risk value for investing in the stock market. The higher the beta, the more the risk. CAPM Example Assume there is two Investment portfolio (stocks) or project A B. With the information given below, we can use CAPM to help us decide which to invest on. risk free rate beta expected market return A 3% 2.5 10% B 3% 1.2 10% From the beta value above, we know A is a more risky portfolio. A is 2.5 times more risky than the overall market and B is 1.5 times less risky. †¢ Expected return produce by A re = rf + [ ß (rm rf) ] re = 3 + [ 2.5 (10 3) ] = 20.5 % †¢ Expected return produce by B re = rf + [ ß (rm rf) ] = 3 + [ 1.2 (10 3) ] = 11.4 % Using CAPM formula, we calculated A produce a 20.5% expected return rate. It is higher than the overall market expected return, which is 10%. Whereas for B, the expected return rate are only 11.2% compare to market return of 10%. Base on result, A is definitely a better but if you don’t feel conformable with A’s risk or think it might not able to produce the expected return rate, then you would probably can choose investing in B. Criticisms of CAPM Although CAPM seems to be one of the most widely used methods to determine the expected return of a investment portfolio, It still have its limitation. Many had criticized on its unrealistic assumptions. †¢ Required a well-diversified portfolio Firstly CAPM works really well with a well-diversified portfolio as it accounted for systematic risk (market risk) but as seen on the graph on page 1, systematic risk is still undiversified. Therefore unsystematic risk is ignore in CAPM calculation. †¢ Beta as it main calculation components As Beta value are computed base on past one year figures so in this case CAPM assume that the future wont change. Also beta may not really reflect the actual performance of different stocks. This was question by professors Eugene Fama and Kenneth French where they looked at share returns on the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange and Nasdaq between 1963 and 1990, they found that differences in betas over that lengthy period did not explain the performance of different stocks. The linear relationship between beta and individual stock returns also breaks down over shorter periods of time. These findings seem to suggest that CAPM may be wrong. †¢ Risk free rate of return CAPM assumes there is a risk free rate where investors can borrow or lend at this rate but it is not true in the real world. †¢ Perfect capital market exists There is no transaction cost for trading in the market and profit is non-taxable. †¢ All investor are the same CAPM assume all investors have the same expectations on the risk and expected return.

Employers Responsibility For Health And Safety

Employers Responsibility For Health And Safety Examine how an employers responsibility for ensuring health and safety of employees has changed in the transition from industrial to post- industrial systems and consider how stress, depressive disorders and harassment have become increasingly significant issues in the context of labour protection. Introduction In modern era belief of every organization is to provide safer working place in comparison with past industrial period. It means workers can do work at minimize risk and as concluded it is clear that most of the regulations regarding this concern is redundant. International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that maximum degree of physical, mental and social welfare of employees has promoted and maintained by health and safety measure at work in every sectors of an economy: by providing better working conditions to employees will be the cause of securing changing from one place to another by workers because health related problems., securing employees from various factors those are able to put negative impact upon health, provide adequate work environment by which an employee can adjust him or herself in terms of physiological and psychological abilities to employees and precise how employees can adjust according to nature of work and job. In the context of Union complete explanation has been presented regarding this concern of Health and Safety that covers topic of minimizing the condition of accidents on work place and anticipation of disease for the purpose promotes welfare of employees. In the Article 153(1 and 2) TFEU presents the capability of European Union to intercede regarding this particular meadow, by which council has right to provide sufficient and effective working condition for the purpose to secure health and safety of workers by adopting various means of guidelines, improvements in working environment (Single European Act 1986 specifies this particular provision). Enormous scope has developed by this regulations that determines the policy of health and safety which is originated by the European Union that enable to protect minimum standards to secure welfare of employees. After the enforcement of the Single European Act in the year 1986 directed towards the modern impulsion of securing health and security steps has adopted by the board of this committee. In treaty of EEC, under the new Article 118A EEC there is an operational provision which provide instrument to deal with health and safety at work very first time. By this Article Ministry can emphasize upon the guidelines that determine to secure health and security at work. Under Article 118A now Article 153(2) TFEU presents what are the minimum standard securing health and safety at work. On behalf of this principle, standard of protection has been lifted by the Member States form the minimum standards. Therefore on behalf of this strategy Member states may not able to introduce inflexible measures for the purpose to secure favour of employees in terms of health and safety. Development of Laws: Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Health and safety at Work Act that covers occupational health and safety in the UK. Broad obligations enforced by this Act for protecting health and safety measures of employees and of others such as producers, suppliers and etc. The prior responsibilities of employers: For all their employees provide health and safety measures and well being of employees. Development of written policy declaration that is able to clarify how they can plane their future actions. Consultation between unions and reps. Secure the favour of other linked company and contractors. Duty and responsibilities of employees Make sure that you are not working at risk and secure others from this situation. Cooperation is must with arrangements which are developed by employers for the purpose to protect safety and health. Supplementary health and safety responsibilities follow by the manager or supervisors. Where you are working, at this place make sure that your employer is able to provide sufficient safety and security measures without failing susceptible. Furthermore effective support can be share with rep of Health and Safety. Safety Representatives and safety Committees Regulation 1977: Under these regulations, in exception this context demands the 1974 Act means the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974: (1) In these Regulations, except the context otherwise requires The 1974 Act means the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974; Employment Protection Act 1975 is represented by Act of 1975: section 53(1) of the 1974 Act is able to present the meaning of employees and accordingly an employer is able to interpret it: trade union which is recognized: In the section 30(1) of the Trade Union and Labour Relation Act 1974 has describe about an independent trade union. In the section 29(1) of the Act, that is able to represent the concern of employers in terms of negotiations that related with more than one negotiations and its purposes is for those people who are employed by him, there were some recommendations that have been placed by the services of pacification and adjudication and all above comes under Employment Protection Act. Under the section 15 of this Act: particular person which is appointed by an employer for the purpose to ensure safety regulations under Regulation 3(1), he or she is re-preventative of safety: under section 53(1) of the 1974 Act it is clear that all those aspects comes under welfare at work those are utilize for the purpose to ensure health and safety measures on work to promote welfare of employees. For the purpose to provide duty and consultation require duty of an employer: According to the section 2(6) of the Health and Safety Act 1974, this is the responsibility of an employer to appoint a safety representative for the purpose to ensure: Factors those are able to put impact upon employees and all related with health and safety measures and take of that has taken by the safety representative. Under the regulation 6(1) and 7(1)(b) of the Management of Health and Safety on Work Regulation 1992, it is clear that safety representative will arrange a person to ensure safety and health measures. Under this Act there is a provision available and that clarifies that a representative is that person who is responsible to provide required information related with measures of health and safety to employees. Under the specified provision of this Act it is clear that safety representative is responsible to provide suitable training to employees. Under this Act this is the responsibility of safety representative is to provide adequate introduction about the technology. (2) Under the section 2(4) of the 1974 Act, a safety representative is require to execute further functions of an organization and that must be appointed by an employer. (a) This particular regulation has came into existence under the Management of Health and Safety at Work 1992, currently Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 has taken place of previous one. (b) Now it is agreement with 7(1) and 8(1) of the Management of the Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 on other hand Article 13(3)(b) of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 Extensive range of basic health, welfare issues and safety measures comes under the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulation 1992 and all are enforceable on every aspects of working field under construction developing site related with underground mine or work on shipping fields and are far from these regulation. Modification regarding this regulation has been laid down on behalf of the Quarries Regulations 1999, all above mentioned sites which are far from the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 comes under different regulation such as: the Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulation 2002, working on Height Regulation 2005 and another is the construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007. On behalf of above different and important regulations we can say that all are emphasize upon effective regulations on working site or work place. Duty of employers or requirement under these regulations: Under section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 clearly outline the duty and obligations of employers towards employees in terms of providing safety and health protection and by promoting wellbeing on work. People are responsible for other people or employees who are working in their sites and it is clarify under section 4 of the Act that it is the duty of people who own that particular site or premises. On behalf of this regulation duties of employers enlarge for the purpose to secure health and safety measures on particular working location and by this way this regulation is also able to provide sufficient facilities for maximizing wellbeing of employees on particular working location. People who are disabled or not able to do work with common employees but by this regulation they are enable to get benefits of proper health and safety measures and requirement of welfare. According to the Regulation 2(3), it is certifying that every employee is able to get benefits of that and it is suitable for all people, who works in particular working environment. Under this regulation it is mentioned that basic requirements for people who are disabled and all these facilities includes availability of passageways, stairs, wash-handbasin, shower, lavatories and workstations. Workplace This regulation is applicable for all type of workplace that included production space, offices, shops, medical institutions, hotels and entertainment spaces and many more. On other hand workplace are also included buildings in sharing, roads which are private, industrial paths ways, IT parks and business parks. The meaning of work is an employee or a person who is able to find self- employed. The meaning of premises of a place is that one, which is outdoor. Safety, wellbeing of employees, health on place of work: managers who are available for short direction. Premises which are domestic: place where private development is going on. Domestic premises are far from this regulation. Hotels, nursing homes, work environment and its parts where employment is available for staff and there all these regulations are applicable. Employer is liable only for his premises over which he has real control but that does not absolve him from the duty for ensuring for a safe system of work on the another premises. Person who is disabled: the meaning of disabled person is specified under section 1 of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. All above laws and regulations are able to define how duties and responsibilities are changing from past industrial situation to modern industrial environment Therefore according to the Health and Safety management what are the responsibilities of employer towards employs? Here all health and safety measures are available for the purpose to maximize the control upon responsibilities by employer and direct towards improvement by which employees can enhance their health and safety measures. Leadership of health and safety: if top management is active then it is sure that effective performance of health and safety can be establish there. For this purpose people who are available to provide health and safety measures training, ensure that all are properly aware about this particular procedure. Policy of health and safety: for the purpose to establish effective measure of health and safety and for further improvement, this is the responsibility of an employer to direct strong and effective policy of health and safety. Assessment of risk: it is most important responsibility of health and safety manager that regularly find available risk and make sure that solution for every kind of panic situation is available and always try to maintain sufficient working environment where any new hazard situation should not be happen. Find sufficient resources for health and safety: try to develop resources those are able to secure positive performance of health and safety. Make availability of staff for training purpose: for the purpose deal with uncertain situation and for future development of performance of health and safety, there should proper recruitment of training staff. Therefore employer always install new people for training purpose: Recruitment of new staff Join people with additional responsibilities at work. New and dynamic staff that are near to situation of accidents. Representatives of health and safety. Consultation with staff: for the purpose to secure measures of health and safety, consultation between employs and employer is require. It means that provide proper direction and guidance to employs. For this purpose there should be preparation of checklist to ensure employs are in right direction means towards proper health and safety measures. For this employer must execute reps and health and safety managers. These reps and managers are always available for to give conclusion and decisions regarding this concerns. All these measure of health and safety comes under directed Laws and regulations, thus all above measures should follow and apply all these measures of health and safety for the purpose to ensure favour of employees. There are two ways available by which a person is able to get satisfaction in his or her life but in other situation means if these two domains are situated with a person that will be the cause of stressful experience in life. Because of globalization economy of every nation is changing dramatically and able to generate new sources of jobs in terms of full time, part time and as self employed. Due to this changed environment of an economy, structure of work has also changed. In other manner we can say that due to increase in work load and changing pattern of work is the cause of stress and disorder. Means if employees are not able to meet with required performance on job it clearly shows the job insecurity that is also causing of disturbance in mental health. So it clearly indicates that increasing work pressure is related with increasing stress and disorder. There is negative impact upon employees mental health, performance at work and physical situation of employees and it is not e nough because of that personal and family life is also suffered and later prospective for liability of employer. Because of the psychological disturbance an employee face lots of problems such as addicted to alcohol and negative physical symptoms. According to health and safety executive, the management standards include the variables that controls and manages the issues related to the stress at work. The management standards do cover the following causes that are related to the stress at work. They include: Demands: the demand includes the work load, the shifts and work patterns and the environment at the workplace. Control: it includes the authorities that the people have at work. Support: it is the positive variable that includes the motivation power to encourage the worker that is given by the organisation, for example it includes the incentives that the worker is given by the organisation when worker does something good for the organisation. Relationships: it provides the positive working environment to avoid the growth of any kind of conflicts in the organisation that affect the work conditions and work environment at the work place. It also controls any kind of unacceptable behaviour in the work place. Role: it includes the behaviour that the organisation should ignore having any conflicting roles and therefore not to have any conflicting roles, the worker should understand their role in the organisation. Change: the change required from large to small or from small to large, how these organisations are managed and how the communication travels successfully in the organisation. The management standard does work in step by step process which involves the assessments in relation to the risks that are involved in an organisation. The surveys and questionnaires are used to assess the various psychological variables. The assessments done to overcome the risk involved that is related to the work stress includes and involves 1). To identify the characteristics that is related to the stress at the work, 2). Help the employers to stress upon the causes that are related to the stress at work and how to prevent such stressors at the work place. According to Parkes (1998), it talks about the stress and other psychological factors affecting the health of the workers. The study compares the onshore and offshore people and offshore workers experience more level of anxiety, sleeping disorders and more work pressure than onshore workers. The study also emphasised the importance of the fact that work conditions, work areas, organisations differences in relation to the set up and also subjective differences like age and personality do play an important role in health and safety issues and also the health behaviour in achieving the health and safety. The study also laid importance on the need to have more research in the area of offshore workers and also the need is required to have the prospective studies. According to health and safety at work place (2000), the research done to provide the incentives according to the rules of the legislation, the economic incentives should be given in to every sector but sometimes it is not much enough to motivate the employers and to encourage them for improving upon the health and safety measures at the work place. The principles that applied to the labour protection includes: 1) to see and supervise the work environment on the basis of the work load, 2). Provide protection and to provide health and safety against any kind of danger, 3). Provision of the emergency aid and to have first aid kit in the organisation, 4) the training and the information should be given to the employees before the new employer starts up the work. Stansfeld et al., (2003) did a study on the anxiety and depressive disorder on the basis of clinical interview schedule revised (CIS-R) was one of the disorder that was found among men and women but in most of the cases, it is found more among the women. It is an most occurring type of neurotic disorder under various occupations such as textile industry, garments, security type of occupations and out of which generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) found to be more prevalent. Therefore it is already defined by the health and safety authorities of European states that major risk is located with working in stressful situation that is also located with handlings of manual, some changes in working structure of an organization and employs that are young and risk factor is more with them. New risk was also identified in the seminar which was held in last year that risk is also situated with health and safety at work. This issue has also discussed in European parliament that number of risks are associated with health and safety of employs because of stress and disorder and solutions of that, it has discussed in The quality of Work seminar, held in Bilbao in April 2001 and this seminar was organized by Agency of the Swedish Presidency and the European Agency for safety and Health at Work. Now it Social is clearly indicated by the European Parliament and the European Economic and Committee that all issues are related with wider attention require regarding this con cern. In reality stress is related with mould of emotional, cognitive , physiological reactions and behavioural reactions as well and on behalf of that employs are not able to manage daily life included working life as well as personal life. Even because of that working atmosphere is also disturbed. Thus the commission is also worried regarding this concern and continuously working with number of organization such as European Union trends, priorities towards nation and for some another alternatives which have been defined by the institutions of EU. For the purpose to find solution of this risk and concerns commission is trying to find different alternative ways to resolve it or to minimize it. Therefore regarding this concern there is procedure to develop a strategy which is going on to minimize the risk of stress on work is going on and Commission is also working with guidance of the European Social Agenda and which was authorized by the Nice European Council in the year 2000 and this strategy will be based on how organizations can manage their employees in stressful situation. Regarding this concern the main thing is to find appropriate solution of that and try to find new risks which are associated with that. Regarding this concern Commission has already archived some sort of success to find alternatives to minimize stress on working environment which has been in the year 2000 the comprehensive document guidance on work related with stress. On behalf of this guidance organization and employees are able to do job in right direction. And by this way guidance is also available to find problems and solutions and reasons of stress. It has developed a proper and flexible way by which an action can be taken immediately. And also organizations which are working on national level are also handling the situation according to this guidance. The main motive of this step is to take prior prevention not to find suitable solution for that. On behalf of this step which has taken by the Commission and also new developments and initiatives has been discovered by them. Pressure of stress has been consider major concern because of the announcement of the long terms strategy investment in high quality jobs and standards of living and that step has been taken in the year 2001. Later some developments has been made in that directions, in the year 2002, the task has been given by the European Commission to the European Agency and that task was related with safety and health at work and that task knows as the European Week and that is related with stress that is related with work. Under this step it is assured by the European Commission that prevention can be taken in further development. In this task stakeholders from all around the work has been participated in that task. And later new community strategy on health and safety has been set up for the purpose to give new directions regarding this field. Stress on work considers as non-trivial and it is rework attitude of the people and due to that quality of life and health injuries can be faced by employees. Working in stress full situation has been seen as major issue in European Union and we can say that it has become a challenge in front of the member states of EU. But the main concern of the Commission is to enhance the life of employees in terms of providing safe working environment and also built strong image of an organization in terms of providing sufficient quality measures. A survey which has done by the Foundation of Europe 1996 and 2000 and this survey is related with working conditions, it has presented that 28% of the total employees filled complaint against problems those are cause of developing stress full situation and later by musculoskeletal it has presented that this data is nearly 30% and 33% respectively. According to the Cox et al, 2000 stated that somewhere around 50 to 60% employees walk out from their jobs because of stress problems. Because of that company or an organization has to face major problems in terms of human suffering and decreasing performance of economic conditions. Low morale of workers, turnover of labour, increasing absenteeism, walkout from jobs is the cause of increasing mental and physical health. Performance of employees is also related with mental and physical situation of workers. All around the world, situation is related with stress and disorder that is faced by employees and because of the different situation or increasing work load this has become broad issue and also it have been visualize by the media and socially governing bodies. Therefore for the purpose to secure the favour of employees in terms of health, safety and then on behalf of all these, the above measures are performed in an organization. Conclusion: From post-industrial environment to modern business environment, European Union and their member states has introduced various laws and regulations for the purpose to define responsibility of employers in terms of securing health and safety measures in an organization. First time, The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 was introduced by the EU and that law clearly defines role and responsibilities of employers towards employees.This Act has introduced to ensure five main objectives and those are already discussed in above section of this report. Later for the purpose to ensure development into existed working environment, further developments have been made in terms of modification of previous acts and laws. Later Safety Representative and Safety Committees Regulation 1977 have been introduced in terms modification of previous act. Then, The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 was enacted by member states of European Union.Interpretation of all above mentioned act s are able to define what are the duty and responsibilities of employer towards protecting favour of their employs in terms of ensuring health and safety measures and also to protect health of an organization in positive manner. Management of stress and mental distress depends upon effectiveness of policies which has developed by an organization itself, by providing training to line managers and through close relation between employees and health practitioners. Rising mental distress in an organization and disgrace which is attached to it therefore all comes under economic environment. For the purpose to ensure health and safety measures and stress level in an organization, only line manager is not involved in that process. Thus it shows coordination among each and every department in an organization. Simply it shows that if employer, line managers, reps, HR and health practitioners are able to work together in one roof in difficult economic environment and by this way employees will definitely be able to get support from their superiors to manage stress and mental disturbances. Therefore we can say that on behalf of these preventive measures, operation of an organization will be able to run smoothly. In an organization the support of line manger is available to manage stress level for the purpose to prevent negative impact upon employees but it is not sufficient with this support, employer guidance and support is required to protect favour of employs in terms of ensuring mental distress.

Food safety

Time Is what causes and encourages humans to change. When one starts something they may not know everything about It until they actually begin to participate and lea run as they go. Over many years, people all around the world have developed different types of lie epistyles. Years ago, society relied on the hunted gather method to gather food. It later transitioned from farming and then into city life. This meant people were living much closer together, a Lowing asses to spread mostly from food not being properly preserved.This was different f room the farming lifestyle where the owner knew whether or not food was safe because he or s he was growing It themselves. Many did not expect this change because city life was new to t hem, something they had never experienced before. When society changes so fast, It takes a while for the people to adapt to new dangers. The importance of food safety became more bob loss with these changes in society.Over time, people became aware of all the di seases and sis uses that food causes humans. Once these diseases became more and more noticeable, individuals set out to solve the Issues. Many seeded ways to preserve food which ended up largely shaping and changing our world's society today. The shift from a rural lifestyle to city life allowed food safety to evolve with new inventions and discoveries causing the food industry to beck mom more sanitary and keep people from getting sick. Food safety Food safety has become a major concern these days for us, because many restaurants are diverging there focus from producing and providing good quality food towards the provision of food that does not require enough work and cost. Of the two approaches of enhancing food safety, the one that implies a stronger enforcement program by the local health department would be much more effective than simply making it mandatory for the restaurant employees to conduct training sessions for learning the techniques for food safety.The reason why the former technique is better is that even if the employees are trained, they would still not act the way we want them to due to the lust for profits and putting less effort. Whereas, if certain stiff rules and regulations are developed and implemented, all the restaurants would automatically start abiding by those rules in order to avoid penalties or bans. Such rules might include disposing off of food that smells or has become infected, washing hands b efore cooking, and keeping utensils and kitchen clean (Food and Drug Administration, 2010).The effectiveness or efficiency of any business or organization is deeply impacted by the ‘attitudes’ of employees. Attitudes are basically the judgments that are formed by a person regarding the characteristics or nature of any object, act, or event. It might be positive, negative, or indifferent. The attitudes of workers matters a lot in the business environment, since they are the main assets of a company who perform all the activities that might be interlinked with each other.Attitudes shape emotions and behaviors, so if the workers do not really care about the hygiene or safety of the food and carry on the methods the way they are, then the compromise would be done on the safety and quality of food. Whereas, if the workers have strong values, beliefs, and perceptions, then they would most probably be taking care of the safety and promoting others too to consider effective and safety methods when storing, cooking or serving. Answer – 2 Since the department has limited resources to overcome the issue of mosquito bites and illness; therefore, efficient and cheap methods must be adapted to fight with the problem.West Nile Virus results in the flu-like illness among the children who have regular immune systems. As far as the prevention of being bit by the mosquitoes is concerned, the best way to avoid being bit is to use insect repellent and emptying the standing water from buckets, open-floors, or flower pots. People can simply put on some insect repellent or oil on their body – face and hands – before going to sleep; this automatically keeps the mosquitoes away from biting.Secondly, to stay within the home at the time of dawn and dusk would protect the people from being bit by the mosquitoes, since they are very active at these timings (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2010). And for the control of mosquito popula tion in the community, the best measure that can be adapted is to make people aware about the factors that lead to further enhancement in the population of mosquitoes. One sound method is to clean the stagnant water from various places such as, buckets, open-floors, garden, or flower pots.It is obvious that if there is no open water, it would not get contaminated, and hence would not result in the production of more mosquitoes. This strategy is quite effective and cheap as compared to the process of fumigation, which requires high costs and expenses. References Food and Drug Administration. (2010). Food Safety. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/foodsafety. html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2010). West Nile Virus. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus. html

Present Perfect

Introduction The theme of the present paper is â€Å"The Present Perfect†. The main goal of the work is to identify the main features of the Present Perfect and to present the cases of its use, basing on the theoretical and scientific works of Russian, English linguists. The objectives of the work, in their turn, represent ascending steps to the main goal of the project: 1. to give the definition to the present perfect; 2. to present the ways of formation of the present perfect tense; 3. to investigate cases of its use in the sentence and in American and British English compare them ; 4. o draw the line of demarcation between the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Simple Actuality of the work is the significance of the present perfect tense in the English language. That is a linguistic phenomenon, which exists not in every language and which is replaced by other tenses while translated into other languages appears to be one of the main constituents of English grammar. Nov elty of the paper lies in communicative approaches to linguistic analysis of the use of the present perfect tense aimed at acquiring the communicative competence.Theoretical value of the paper is based on the analyzed data taken from the works of American and English prominent linguists. Practical value of the work may be useful in practical grammar or in a daily use. The course paper consists of 4 parts; Introduction, Main Part, Conclusion and Bibliography. The Main Part consists of 2 chapters. Thus, Chapter I of the present paper is devoted to the general remarks the present perfect tense and comprises 3 points: 1. History of the Present Perfect Tense 2.The Formation of the Present Perfect 3. Differences between the Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect In this chapter we can find out general information about the origin of perfect tenses and the present perfect tense itself, and the ways of forming the present perfect, and the differences between the past simple and the present perfect in use. Chapter II includes 2 points: 1. The use of the Present Perfect in the sentence 2. Differences in use of the Present Perfect in American and British English.This chapter is devoted to the practical side of the work. We investigate the use of the present perfect in the sentence and the differences of the use of the present perfect in American and British English. Chapter Two can be interesting with the presentation of peculiar characteristics of the use of the present perfect of two main trends of English: American and British English. The reason I chose the theme â€Å"The Present Perfect† was the situation of not having this tense in the for us familiar languages: Russian and Kyrgyz.The Past Simple and The Present Perfect are replaced by only one tense in Russian called â€Å" †. The nature of this tense seems to be familiar for the learners of English at first sight, but there are many exceptions and special cases of their use. CHAPTER I: What the Pr esent Perfect Tense is 1. 1 History of Perfect Tenses and the Present Perfect The Present Perfect is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present Indefinite and the participle of the notional verb (e. g. I have worked. He has worked, etc. The word â€Å"perfect† in the name came from a Latin root referring to the idea of completion—of being now finished—rather than to perfection in the sense of â€Å"no flaws† (although the latter sense of â€Å"perfect† actually evolved by extension from the former, because something [for example, a drawing or a piece of pottery] is finished when it no longer has any flaws). So perfect tenses were named thus because of the idea that (in some uses in some languages, at least) they referred to actions that were finished with respect to the present (for example, â€Å"I have eaten all the bread† involves a sense of finality).However, as seen above, the name is a mi snomer in the sense that not all uses of present perfect constructions involve an idea of completion. In Old English the verb to have, used as the predicate in the sentence, was sometimes followed by direct object with participle II of a transitive verb attached to it on the function of a predicative adjective. The participle agreed in number, gender, case with the direct object. He has that book written= . As the state of the object ( written) was the result of the accomplished action, the mind of the speaker began to be interested in he action. The construction did not show whether the action expressed by participle II was performed by the subject of the sentence or by some other agent. It was from constructions where the subject of the sentence was the doer of the action denoted by the past participle, that the modern English perfect form developed. The participle lost its form of agreement with the noun-object and changing its place (He has written), became closely connected with the verb to have. Both elements lost their independent meaning and merged into one sense unit –the analytical form of the Modern English Perfect.He has written that book – the action of writing is accomplished by him at present and as a result of it the book is in a written state. Thus, what was originally a free syntactical combination has now turned into an analytical tense form. Such constructions, in which the doer of the action expressed by the participle was not the subject of the sentence, have still survived in Modern English as free syntactical combinations: He had three horses killed under him. I have my dress made here. Killed and made are still predictive adjectives to the direct object horses and dress.In construction with the verb to be, participle II of an intransitive verb was used as the predicative to the subject with which agreed in number, gender and case, and the verb to be had the function of a link-verb in a compound-nominal predicate: He i s ? ecumen = O? . When to have and to be –forms turned into perfect, the verb to have began gradually to be used as an auxiliary verb with both transitive and intransitive verbs: I have seen her. I have come. As a survival of the old constriction, to be is still used when the state is stressed: May Fielding was already come; and so was her mother. Dickens) When he was gone, my mother asked me all about the day I had had†¦ (Dickens)He is gone to the Leas†¦ (Bronte) The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. An example is â€Å"I have eaten† (so I'm not hungry). Depending on the specific language, the events described by present perfects are not necessarily completed, as in â€Å"I have been eating† or â€Å"I have lived here for five years. The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is form ed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. In modern English, the auxiliary verb for forming the present perfect is always to have. * I have eaten * You have gone * He has arrived In many other European languages, the equivalent of to have (e. g. , German haben, French avoir) is used to form the present perfect (or their equivalent of the present perfect) for most or all verbs. However, the equivalent of to be (e. g. German sein, French etre) serves as the auxiliary for other verbs in some languages such as German, Dutch, French, and Italian (but not Spanish or Portuguese). Generally, the verbs that take to be as auxiliary are intransitive verbs denoting motion or change of state (e. g. , to arrive, to go, to fall). In many European languages, including standard German, French and Italian, the present perfect verb form usually does not convey perfect aspect, but rather perfective aspect. In these languages, it has usurped the role of the simple past (i. . preterite) in sp oken language, and the simple past is now really only used in formal written language and literature. In standard English, Spanish, and Portuguese, by contrast, the present perfect (perfect) and simple past (perfective aspect) are kept distinct. The Present Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the past or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb 1. The formation of the Present Perfect 1. The Present Perfect is formed by means of the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb. 2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb. Affirmative| Interrogative| Negative| I have workedHe has workedShe has workedWe have workedYou have workedThey have worked| Have I worked? Has h e worked? Has she worked? Have we worked? Have you worked? Have they worked? I have not workedHe has not workedShe has not workedWe have not workedYou have not workedThey have not worked| 3. The contracted affirmative forms are: I’ve worked He’s worked You’ve worked The contracted negative forms are: I haven’t worked He hasn’t worked You haven’t worked 4. The negative-interrogative forms are: Has she not worked? Hasn’t she worked? Have you not worked? Haven’t you worked? 1. 3 Differences in between the Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect It follows from the rules above that the Present Perfect is not used when there is an indication of past time in the sentence.It is the Past Indefinite that is used in this case because the mention of the definite past time ties the action to the past- time sphere as it were, and it cannot break through to the present. e. g. â€Å"Put on your clothes at once and come with me. † †Å"But what is it? Has something happened? † â€Å"I'm afraid so. Your husband was taken ill this afternoon. † â€Å"M. Poirot, you have no idea of what I have gone through. † â€Å"I know your wife died just over a year ago. † Similarly, it is the Past Indefinite that is used in questions introduced by when. e. g.When did you actually arrive? When did you change your mind? The Past Indefinite is also used in special questions beginning with where and how when they refer to the past events. The Present Perfect is not common here because the attention in such sentences is drawn to the circumstances of the action rather than to the occurrence itself, which means that the speaker has a definite action in mind. e. g. â€Å"Where did your uncle receive his guests? † â€Å"Right here. † â€Å"How did he get in? † I asked, and Evans said, â€Å"Oh, he has a key. † â€Å"Where is my hat?Where did I leave my hat? † Note. The questi on Where have you been? can be asked of the person who has just come. e. g. ‘Hello, Mum. I'm sorry I'm late† â€Å"Where have you been? † In all other cases it should be Where were you! e. g. â€Å"Did the party go off nicely? † â€Å"I don't know. I wasn't there. † â€Å"Where were you? ‘ In special questions beginning with interrogative words other than those mentioned above (e. g. who, what, why, what †¦ for and other), both the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite are possible. The choice depends on the meaning to be conveyed.If reference is made to an action which is past or definite in the minds of the people speaking, or if there is a change of scene, the Past In definite is used; if reference is made to an action which is still valid as part of the present situation, the Present Perfect should be used. e. g. â€Å"What have I done against you? † she burst out defiantly. â€Å"Nothing. † â€Å"Then why can't we ge t on? † â€Å"I know she gave him a good scolding. † â€Å"What did he do? † Looking up at her he said: â€Å"Dorothy's gone to a garden party. † â€Å"I know. Why haven't you gone too? Why didn't you speak to my father yourself on the boat? Note 1. As to general questions, the Present Perfect as well as the Past Indefinite may be found in them because they may inquire either about new facts which are important for the present or about events that are definite in the mind of the speaker. Note 2. In the following example the verb to be is used in the meaning ‘to visit', ‘to go'. Hence it takes the preposition to after it. It is noteworthy that to be acquires this meaning only if used in the Present Perfect or the Past Perfect. e. g.Renny said: â€Å"He has been to Ireland too† â€Å"Have you been to a symphony concert? † he continued. Note 3. The combination has/have got may be used as the Present Perfect of the verb to get (which is not very common, though). e. g. I don't know what's got into Steven today. He has got into financial difficulties and needs cash. But it is often used as a set phrase which has two different meanings  Ã¢â‚¬â€ ‘to possess' (a) and ‘to be obliged' (b). e. g. a) â€Å"Have you got a telephone? † she looked round the room. â€Å"I don't think we've got any choice,† said Francis, ) â€Å"No† he said loudly, â€Å"there are some risks you've got to take. † â€Å"It doesn't matter what caused it,† said Martin. â€Å"We have got to take the consequences† In this case the time reference also changes  Ã¢â‚¬â€ has/have got is the Present Perfect only in form; it actually indicates a present state of things. Note 4. She is gone is a survival of the old Present Perfect which was formed with certain verbs by means of the auxiliary to be. In present-day English it is to be treated as a set phrase meaning ‘she is not here any lon ger'. CHAPTER II : The Use of the Present Perfect . 1 The use of the Present Perfect in the Sentence The Present Perfect falls within the time sphere of the , present and is not used in narration where reference is made to past events. It follows from that that the Present Perfect is used in present-time contexts, i. e. conversations, newspaper and radio reports, lectures and letters. The Present Perfect has three distinct uses. They will be further referred to as Present Perfect I, Present Perfect II and Present Perfect III. 1) Present Perfect I is the Present Perfect proper.It is used to express an accomplished action which is viewed from the moment of speaking as part of the present situation. Attention in this case is centred on the action itself. The circumstances under which the action occurred appear unimportant and immaterial at the moment and need not be mentioned. e. g. He is very sensitive, I have discovered that. I've had a talk with him. He says he has all the proof he wants. Such news! We've bought a racehorse. â€Å"I've spoiled everything,† she said. His secretary said tactfully: â€Å"I've put off your other appoint- ments for a while. It should be especially noted that though the action expressed in the Present Perfect is regarded as already accomplished, it belongs to the present-time sphere and is treated as a present action. It becomes obvious from the periphrasis: I've heard the doctor's opinion —> I know the doctor's opinion. She's gone off to the woods —> She is in the woods. A similar idea of an accomplished action is also traced in such expressions referring to the present as He is awake. I'm late. The work is done. The door is locked, etc.Since it is the action itself that the Present Perfect makes im- portant, it is frequently used to open up conversations (newspaper and radio reports, or letters) or to introduce a new topic in them. However, if the conversation (report or letter) continues on the same subject, going into detail, the Present Perfect usually changes to the Past Indefinite, as the latter is used to refer to actions or sit- uations which are definite in the mind of the speaker. Usually (but not necessarily) some concrete circumstances of the action (time, place, cause, purpose, manner, etc. are mentioned in this case. e. g. â€Å"You are all right. You are coming round. Are you feeling better? † â€Å"I'm quite all right. But what has happened? Where am I? † â€Å"You're in a dug-out, You were buried by a bomb from a trench-mortar. † â€Å"Oh, was I? But how did I get here? † â€Å"Someone dragged you. I am afraid some of your men were killed, and several others were wounded. † â€Å"Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat, Where have you been? † â€Å"I've been to London To look at the Queen. † â€Å"What did you see there? † â€Å"I saw a little mouse Under her chair. â€Å"As is seen from the above examples, the Present Perfect is us ed to name a new action, whereas the Past Indefinite is used to refer back to a definite action and the attention in this case is often drawn rather to the circumstances attending the action than to the action itself. Note. The functions of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite may be in a way compared with those of the indefinite and the definite articles. The indefinite article is used when an object is just named (e. g. Glue me a book. She is a teacher. I have a brother).Likewise the Present Perfect serves to name an accomplished action (see the examples above). Both the definite article and the Past Indefinite are used when an object or an action, respectively, is definite in the mind of the speaker (e. g. The book is on the table. The teacher returned the compositions,) As has been said, Present Perfect I is mainly used to introduce a new topic. But it may also be used to sum up a situation. e. g. â€Å"I've done bad things,† I said, â€Å"but I don't think I coul d have done some of the things you've done. † â€Å"You've so often been helpful in the past. â€Å"I've tried,† said Joseph. We've all been young once, you know. We've all felt it, Roy. â€Å"I'm afraid I've been horribly boring and talked too much,† she said as she pressed my hand. â€Å"Agatha has told me everything. How cleverly you have both kept your secret,† â€Å"You and your wife have been very good to me. Thank you. † In accordance with its main function  Ã¢â‚¬â€ just to name an accomplished action  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the Present Perfect is generally used when [the time of the action is not given. e. g. He sat down. â€Å"You have not changed,† he said. â€Å"No? What have you come for? † â€Å"To discuss things. â€Å"Mr has told me such wonderful things about you. Walter. † â€Å"I haven't thought about it,† she returned. However, sometimes, even though there may be no indication of past time in the sentence, th e Present Perfect cannot be used because reference is made to happenings which are definite in the mind of the speaker (either because the action has already been mentioned or because the situation is very well known to the listener). In this case the use of the Past Indefinite is very common. e. g. Did you sleep well? I didn't understand you. Did you enjoy the play?Did you have a good journey Did you like the book? (trip, ride, flight, day, time)? What did you say? Did you see the accident? Did you hear what he said? I'm sorry I lost my temper. I didn't hear your question. It is possible, however, to use the Present Perfect when there is an adverbial modifier of time in the sentence that denotes a period of time which is not over yet, e. g. today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, etc. e. g. What Rosanna has done tonight is clear enough, (Tonight is not over yet. ) This year we have taken only one assistant. (This year is not over. I have had only one new dress this s ummer,† exclaimed June. (This summer is not over yet. ) Conversely, if the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that period, the Past Indefinite is used. e. g. â€Å"Did you see the letter in the â€Å"Times† this morning? (It is no longer morning. ) â€Å"No. I haven't had time to look at a paper today,† (Today is not over yet. ) â€Å"Whom do you think I passed in Richmond Park today! † (Today is not over, but the action took place at a particular point of time within today, namely when the person was in Richmond Park. â€Å"I wasn't very well this morning, but I'm perfectly all right now. † (This morning is over. ) Note. It should be noted that sometimes an adverbial modifier of place points to a past period of time. e. g. Did you see him at the theatre? (= when you were at the theatre) I ran into her in Oxford Street. (= when I was in Oxford Street) The Present Perfect may be found with certain adverbs o f indefinite time and frequency such as just (‘ '), not †¦ yet, already, before, always, ever, never, often, seldom, recently, late ly, of late, etc. e. g. She's just missed being run over.I haven't even had coffee yet. He has never made a sixpence by any of his books. Have you heard of him lately? â€Å"What is the point? † â€Å"I've made it clear enough before. † However, the use of the Present Perfect is by no means obligatory with the above mentioned adverbs, because any other finite form may be used with these adverbs if it is required by the situation. e. g. He was studying to be a pianist, but he never touches the piano now. He noticed that the leaves of the chestnut were already beginning to turn yellow and brown. His room was not yet furnished, and he liked it to remain empty. Note 1.Note the use of the Past Indefinite with just now. e. g. I told you just now I had never had time for much fun. Note 2. Russian students of English, under the influenc e of the Russian language, tend to use the adverb already nearly in every sentence containing the Present Perfect. That is not characteristic of the English language as it is sufficient to use the Present Perfect alone to express an accomplished action. The addition of already appears redundant in many cases. Present Perfect II serves to express an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues into it or up to it.This grammatical meaning is mainly expressed by the Present Perfect Continuous. However, the Present Perfect Non-Continuous is found in the following cases: a)Its use is compulsory with stative verbs. e. g. I've known the young lady all her life. I've loved her since she was a child. â€Å"But we've been in conference for two hours,† he said. â€Å"It's time we had a tea break. † b)With some dynamic verbs of durative meaning the Present Perfect is sometimes used instead of the Present Perfect Continuous with little difference in meaning. e. g. â€Å"It's a pretty room, isn't it? â€Å"I've slept in it for fifteen years. † â€Å"I'm glad to meet you,† he said. â€Å"I've waited a long while and began to be afraid I'd not have the opportunity. † He's looked after Miss Gregg for many years now. As to terminative verbs, they can only have the meaning of Present Perfect I and never of Present Perfect II. Since it is often difficult to draw the line between durative and terminative verbs, it is recommended that students of English should use the Present Perfect Continuous with all dynamic verbs to express an action begun in the past and continued into the present. )The Present Perfect is preferred to the Present Perfect Continuous in negative sentences, when it is the action itself that is completely negated. e. g. â€Å"Shall we sit down a little? We haven't sat here for ages. † â€Å"I was just having a look at the paper,† he said. â€Å"I haven't read the paper for the last two days. â⠂¬  â€Å"She hasn't written to me for a year,† said Roy. It is noteworthy that Present Perfect II is associated with certain time indications  Ã¢â‚¬â€ either the whole period of the duration of the action is marked or its starting point.In the former case we find different time indications. Some expressions are introduced by the preposition for and sometimes in (e. g. for an hour, for many years, for the last few days, for a long time, for so long, for ages, in years, in a long while, etc. )- Other expressions have no prepositions (e. g. these three years, all this week, all along, so long, all oneys life, etc. ). e. g. The picture has been mine for years and years. I've felt differently about him for some time. â€Å"Why haven't I seen you all these months? † said Hankins.We haven't had any fun in a long while. I've wanted to go to the sea all my life. The starting point of the action is indicated by the adverb since, a prepositional phrase with since or a clause introduced by the conjunction since. e. g. â€Å"But, Dinny, when did you meet him? † â€Å"Only ten days ago, but I've seen him every day since. † The sun has been in the room since the morning. But she has seemed so much better since you started the injections. In the clause introduced by since the Past Indefinite is used to indicate the starting point of an action.However, we sometimes find in both parts of such complex sentences two parallel actions which began at the same time in the past and continue into the present. In this case the Present Perfect is used in both clauses, e. g. I've loved you since I've known you. It should be noted that the indication of time is indispensable to Present Perfect II because otherwise its meaning in most cases would be changed. It would come to denote an accomplished action which is part of the present situation. Cf. I've been taught to do it for three years. I have been taught to do it. But we met him here about a month ago.We haven't heard from him since. We haven't heard from him. Care should be taken to distinguish between the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite when the period of duration is expressed by a prepositional phrase with for. If the period of duration belongs to the past time sphere, the Past Indefinite should be used. It is only if the period of duration comes close to the moment of speaking or includes it that the Present Perfect is used. Cf. â€Å"I have lived like this,† he said, â€Å"for two years, and I can't stand it anymore. † â€Å"I teach History at a secondary school.I went to the University here for four years and got a degree. † The same is true of questions beginning with how long. â€Å"Are you married? † â€Å"Yes. † â€Å"How long have you been married? † â€Å"Are you married? † â€Å"No. I'm divorced. † â€Å"How long were you married? † 3) Present Perfect III is found in adverbial clauses of time introduced by the conjunctions when, before, after, as soon as, till and until where it is used to express a future action. It shows that the action of the subordinate clause will be accomplished before the action of the principal clause (which is usually expressed by the Future Indefinite).This use of the Present Perfect is structurally dependent as it is restricted only to the above mentioned type of clauses. e. g. â€Å"You'll find,† said Fred, â€Å"that you'll long for home when you have left it. † As soon as we have had some tea, Ann, we shall go to inspect your house. I'll take you back in my car but not till I've made you some coffee. Sometimes the Present Indefinite is found in this type of clauses in the same meaning as the Present Perfect. The choice of the form depends on the lexical meaning of the verb. With durative verbs the Present Perfect is necessary. e. g. When you have had your tea, we'll see about it.I can tell you whether the machine is good or bad when I have tried it. With terminative verbs the use of both forms is possible, Cf. He says when he retires he'll grow roses. When I've finished this I must go and put the baby to bed. Mother will stay at home until we return. â€Å"Your mother wouldn't like me. † â€Å"You can't possibly say that until you've met her. † 2. 2 Differences in Use of the Present Perfect in American and British English In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment.For example: I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In American English the following is also possible: I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English: I've just had lunch I've already seen that film Have you finished your homework yet? American English:I just had lunch OR I've just had lunch I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film. Have your finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet? American English speakers do not use the present perfect for events that are still connected to the present. However, most Americans have a narrower perception of such connections than do other English speakers, particularly the British. For example, the British will say â€Å"have you had breakfast this morning,† but Americans will often say â€Å"did you have breakfast this morning. There is no difference in grammar; the difference is in the fact that Americans often think of the morning as being past history, whereas the British tend to see breakfast as still being part of the day, at least for a longer time than Americans do. Both groups use the past simple to describe things that they perceive to be unconnected with the present, and both groups use the present perfect to describe things that they perceive to be connected with the present. The difference is in the perception, not the grammar.Some Americans may well use the present perfect, if that's how they perceive the action in question. Conversely, some British speakers may use the past simple, if they think of the action in question as being isolated in the past. The important thing to remember is that, in many expressions, the choice between present perfect and past simple depends solely on what the speaker has in mind. If the speaker perceives something as being completely finished and unconnected to the present, he'll use the past simple; if he still sees some sort of connection to the present, he'll use the present perfect.Two different people talking about the exact same thing may choose to use two different tenses to describe it. There are some cases in which one tense or the other is gramatically necessary, of course, but there are many cases in which both are acceptable. If you specify a particular time in the past, for example, you normally use the past simple (â€Å"I did it yesterday†). And if you say â€Å"I've lived here for a year,† the implication is that you still live here, whereas if you say â€Å"I lived here for ayear,† the implication is that you no longer live here.Similarly, if a woman says â€Å"I've had two children,† things are going well, but if she says â€Å"I had two children,† it might be a good idea to change the subject. The distinction between present perfect and past simple is difficult to explain in terms of rules because the rules are quite complex. I usually explain it in terms of the speaker's perceptions and via specific examples that illustrate the different ways in which the tenses can be contrasted. If someone says â€Å"John went to the movie,† it tells me several things. It tells me that John is not with the speaker, for example.It implies that the speaker probably does not expect to encounter John while he is at the movie. It implies that nothing the speaker is doing right now is connected to John's trip to the movie. If someone says â€Å"John has gone to the movie,† that, too, tells me several things. It implies that John's trip to the movie is recent. It implies that something about John's action is connected to some present state or action in the speaker's mind (for example, she may be planning to join him, or she may be describing the reason for his absence in the present, as when answering the telephone).In many cases, the choice between the two is almost arbitrary. In isolation, the present perfect sounds more recent, and/or implies that something may have happened more than once in the past, and implies a connection with the present somehow, but in many contexts these distinctions are unimportant. If someone answers the phone and is asked about John, she wi ll probably say â€Å"He has gone to the movie,† but she might also very well say â€Å"He went to the movie,† particularly if she is American (Americans have a narrower perception of â€Å"present time† than do many other English speakers).Conclusion After investigation of the theme â€Å"The Present Perfect Tense† I came to the conclusion that although the perfect tenses are called as the secondary tenses in the works of Russian scientists Ganshina and Vasilevskaya, it appears to be one of the main and indispensable constituents of the English language tense form. Every action leads to the results. Without results the action is not valuable. So the essence of using the perfect tenses is in expressing the results, consequences and the level of accomplishment and duration of the action.The present perfect tense and its use follow the learners of the English language from the first stage of the learning and of a great importance on the same level as the ve rb ‘to be’ or there is/ there are constructions. So, on the basis of the theoretical and practical investigation of the use of perfect tenses in the works of prominent Russian and English scientists and within American and British fiction conforming to the examined theory, we have reached the following results of the research work: The Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the ast or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb. The Present Perfect is used in the following cases: 1. The Present Perfect denotes a completed action connected with the present. 2. The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future. 3. The Present Perfect denotes an action which began in the pas t, has been going on up to the present and is still going on.In this case either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action. If the conjunction since introduces a clause, the verb in this clause is in the Past Indefinite. In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example: I've lost my key.In American English the following is also possible: I lost my key. In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English: I've just had lunch American English: I just had lunch OR I've just had l unch American English speakers do not use the present perfect for events that are still connected to the present.However, most Americans have a narrower perception of such connections than do other English speakers, particularly the British. Bibliography 1. ?. ?. , , , 1968, 227 . 2. ?. ?. , A Grammar of Present Day, ,  «Ã‚ »,1990, 100 . 3. Greenbaum Sidney, Oxford English Grammar, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, 652 p. 4. Greenbaum Sidney, Quirk R. , Leech G. , Svartvik J, A University Grammar of English, Moscow, 1982, p. 158 5. Newsperson Otto, University of Grammar, Chicago and London, The