Dozier: Foreign Exchange Market and Forward Contract

Dozier Industries has three options to choose from when deciding on the best way to handle their first non-US dollar denominated receivable: 1. Entering into a forward contract in which Dozier would sell forward British Pounds. 2. Execute a spot market transaction to create a synthetic forward hedge. 3. Do not hedge against any fluctuations between the Pound and the Dollar. For the purpose of the analysis, there are several assumptions made which are pertinent to the analysis that follows (see appendix). Forward Contract Hedge The first option available to Dozier Management to hedge the risk of the Great British Pound (GBP) depreciating against the United States Dollar (USD) is to enter into a contract to sell forward ? 1,057,500 for USD in 90 days. Therefore, on April 14th, when Dozier receives the remaining GBP from the security system contract, it would be required to deliver these GBP to the counterparty of the forward contract. This option would make the firm immune to any fluctuations in the value of GBP relative to USD over the next 90 days as the firm would lock in the USD/GBP exchange rate for their receivable of ? ,057,500. At the current 3-month forward rates of (1. 4198 USD/GBP), Dozier would capture guaranteed proceeds of $1,501,438. 50. Dozier also received ? 117,500 as deposit for the contract. The firm could sell this deposit on the spot foreign exchange market at the current rate of 1. 437 USD/GBP and receive $168,847. 50. Investing the proceeds of the deposit in a U. S. money market accou nt would yield $171,988. 00 in 90 days. It is important to note that since the contract was settled on December 3rd, the GBP depreciated by over 3% (from (1. 820 to 1. 437 USD/GBP). As a result of this movement, the USD value of the deposit was reduced by the same 3% from $174,135. 00 to $168,847. 50. Under the strategy of using the forward contract hedge, the firm would be assured of receiving a total of $1,673,426. 50 ($1,501,438. 50 plus $171,988. 00). Given the total cost of the project of $1,642,783, the firm would realize a profit of $30,643. 50, a margin of 1. 87%. This profit margin would be significantly below the projected 6% return. Spot Market Hedge An alternative to the forward contract hedge is Dozier could create a matching liability for the GBP receivable by borrowing GBP from the bank, immediately exchanging the GBP for USD in the spot foreign exchange market and then investing the USD proceeds in a three month deposit. At the time the receivable comes due, Dozier would use the GBP proceeds to repay the liability and keep the USD amount of the three month profit. These series of transactions would eliminate the risk of the depreciation of the Pound. GBP funding is available at a rate of 15% (13. 50% GBP prime rate plus 150 basis point credit spread). To create a GBP liability of ? 1,057,500 GBP in 90 days, the firm would need to borrow its present value of ? 1,021,188. 50. The firm would then receive $1,467,447. 88 at the current exchange rate. As the USD investment would be over $1. 0 million it would be classified as a large deposit and qualify for the premium interest rate. As in the previous scenario, Dozier would immediately exchange the ? 117,500 deposit into $168,847. 50. The total proceeds of $1,636,295. 38 could then be invested in a deposit bearing 8%, earning interest of $31,787. 57 over 90 days. The firm would receive a total of $1,668,082. 4 from the initial deposit, the principle and interest in the three month investment. Given the project costs stated above, the firm would realize a profit of $25,299. 94, representing a margin of 1. 54%. Spot Market Hedge The final option available to Dozier Management is to leave the 1,057,500 GBP receivable un-hedged. If the GBP were to appreciate against the USD over the next 9 0 days, Dozier would reap the full benefit of this appreciation. Conversely, should the GBP depreciate versus the USD over the next 90 days, Dozier would suffer a loss equal to the percent depreciation of the pound to the dollar. In a scenario where the USD/GDP exchange rate moves by  ±10%, the Dozier’s profits would range between negative $96,471. 13 (or 5. 9% of cost, making the project a loss) and $207,819. 16 (or 12. 65% of cost, effectively doubling the profit margin). Conclusion Dozier can capture a profit through both of the hedging strategies albeit it being smaller than the target six percent originally built into the bid. An un-hedged position is unacceptable due to the firm’s recent financial difficulties – it is critical that Dozier profits from this initial venture into this new market. While leaving the receivable un-hedged alternative does offer the greatest potential profit at the current prevailing FX rates, these profits are not guaranteed (see appendix for profit/loss possibilities given GBP/USD FX fluctuations). Given the importance of locking in a profit and the uncertainty of the GBP/USD future exchange rates, we recommend Dozier hedges the ? 1,057,500 receivable by exchange rate in Appendix Assumptions: †¢All transactions are executed immediately. †¢All transaction costs surrounding the forward contract are negligible. †¢All rates given in Exhibit 4 will not fluctuate over the 90 day time span. Deposits over $1 million are eligible for the three month deposit rate. Calculation of Profits: Spot Market Hedge Deposit Amount $ 168,847. 50 Interest Received $ 28,507. 45 Principal Amount $ 1,467,447. 88 Total $ 1,664,802. 82 Cost of Project $ 1,642,783. 00 Interest on Initial Deposit $ 3,280. 12 Net Profit on Project $ 25,299. 95 Profit Margin on Project1. 54% Currency Forward Hedge Receivable GBP $ 1,057,500. 00 Short GBP $ (1,057,500. 00) Long USD @ 3 month Fwd $ 1,501,438. 50 Deposit $ 168,847. 50 Cost of Project $ 1,642,783. 00 Interest on Initial Deposit $ 3,140. 50 Net Profit on Project $ 30,643. 50 Profit Margin on Project1. 87% Profit Margin Scenario Analysis FX Rates% ChgUSD EquivalentCost of ProjectDepositProfit/LossProfit Margin 1. 30 -10. 0% $ 1,374,323. 87 $ 1,642,783. 00 $171,988. 00 $ (96,471. 13)-5. 87% 1. 31 -9. 0% $ 1,388,205. 93 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (82,589. 07)-5. 03% 1. 33 -8. 0% $ 1,402,228. 21 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (68,566. 79)-4. 17% 1. 34 -7. 0% $ 1,416,392. 13 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 0 $ (54,402. 87)-3. 31% 1. 35 -6. 0% $ 1,430,699. 13 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (40,095. 88)-2. 44% 1. 37 -5. 0% $ 1,445,150. 63 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (25,644. 37)-1. 56% 1. 38 -4. 0% $ 1,459,748. 11 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (11,046. 89)-0. 67% 1. 39 -3. 0% $ 1,474,493. 04 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 3,698. 04 0. 23% 1. 41 -2. 0% $ 1,489,386. 91 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 18,591. 91 1. 13% 1. 42 -1. 0% $ 1,504,431. 23 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 33 ,636. 2 2. 05% 1. 44 0. 0% $ 1,519,627. 50 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 48,832. 50 2. 97% 1. 45 1. 0% $ 1,534,823. 78 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 64,028. 77 3. 90% 1. 47 2. 0% $ 1,550,172. 01 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 79,377. 01 4. 83% 1. 48 3. 0% $ 1,565,673. 73 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 94,878. 73 5. 78% 1. 50 4. 0% $ 1,581,330. 47 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 110,535. 47 6. 73% 1. 51 5. 0% $ 1,597,143. 77 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 126,348. 77 7. 69% 1. 3 6. 0% $ 1,613,115. 21 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 142,320. 21 8. 66% 1. 54 7. 0% $ 1,629,246. 36 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 158,451. 36 9. 65% 1. 56 8. 0% $ 1,645,538. 83 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 174,743. 83 10. 64% 1. 57 9. 0% $ 1,661,994. 22 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 191,199. 22 11. 64% 1. 59 10. 0% $ 1,678,614. 16 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 207,819. 16 12. 65% Notes: *All numbers rounded to the nearest one-hundredth decimal place. *No probability weighting given to each sc enario.

Projectile Motion

I. Introduction This study focuses on the different factors that affect the game results of the throwing events namely, javelin throw, discus throw, and shot put throw. It is observed that during athletic meets, the winner is determined by the farthest throwing distance. However, this distance does not sum up the outstanding performance of a winning athlete. Several factors are deemed to be essential in strategically winning a throwing event. For instance, an athlete may need more effort in performing as compared to another because of certain physical or strategic hindrances. These hindrances seem to be inexistent when a game is analyzed using the distance covered only. Thus for the purposes of this study, the competition outcome is defined to be the resulting projectile from the throw. In analyzing the projectile, the research is opened to the influences of strategies beyond throwing the farthest. These factors can be grouped into three aspects: the thrown object’s standard measures, the strategy, and the player’s characteristics. First, the projectile allows us to examine the effects of the thrown object’s standard measures to the throwing ability of a player. These measurements include the weight of the object, and its circumference, in the case of the shot put and the discus, or its length, in the case of the javelin. Second, the projectile exposes the possibility of implementing various strategies that may affect the throwing distance, such as the angle of the throw and the velocity of the turn, in the case of the shot put and discus throw, or run, in the case of the javelin throw. Finally, the projectile also somehow illustrates the advantages or disadvantages of the player’s characteristics like height, weight, and body-build. Consequently, the research will not be tied to the distance results of the throwing events. Rather, it will be concerning thee different projectile elements – distance, height, angle, and force – as they are influenced by the aforementioned groups of variables. At the end of the day, this paper will justify the inevitability of standards with regard to the object’s measured properties, and will recommend the best player profile and playing strategy, as supported by the projectile results of conducted experiments. Projectile Motion Projectile Motion Lab Report Objectives: This laboratory experiment presents the opportunity to study motion in two dimensions, projectile motion, which can be described as accelerated motion in the vertical direction and uniform motion in the horizontal direction. Procedures and Apparatus: |Rubber Ball |White sheets of papers | |Metal Track |Water | |Books |Table | |Meter-stick |Stopwatch | Obtain all the apparatus and material needed to proceed with experiment †¢ Set up a ramp using the metal track and a bunch of books at any angle so that the ball will roll off. †¢ Measure the distance from the edge of the table to the end of the ramp. †¢ Roll the ball down the ramp and off the table but make sure to catch the ball as soon as it leaves the table; do this part 10 times and record the times †¢ Calculate average velocity for this step †¢ Measure the height (vertical distance or the y-axis) of the table. †¢ Using this height, derive t (time) from the unif orm accelerated motion in order to obtain the predicted distance x. The next step is to release the ball from the ramp and let it fall off the table to the floor. †¢ Measure the spot on the floor where the ball hits the floor point when the ball rolls off the table. †¢ We positioned a piece of paper on the floor on which the ball marks the spots it hit first; to achieve this we wet the ball with water so the mark will be more evident †¢ Record these distances at least 3 times in and add them up to obtain the actual distance x. †¢ Compare these actual results with the predicted distance, which you obtain in the first part using uniform motion.Summary of Theory: Projectile motion in two dimensions can be predicted by treating the motion as two independent motions; the horizontal (x) component of the motion and the vertical (y) component of the motion. We examined projectile motion by observing a ball rolling down then leaving the ramp, thus becoming a projectile wi th a horizontal initial velocity. We measured the horizontal and vertical distances that the projectile traveled from the end of the ramp to when it hit the floor my using a meter stick to measure. -The correct equation for the horizontal motion used was: V=?X/t, where ? X is the distance on the horizontal motion and t is the time for each trail. -The equation used to find the time was the derived uniform accelerated motion equation: -t = v2y, where y is the height of the table and g is the acceleration due to gravity g on the vertical motion % Error, actual-predicted x 100% actual Data and Results |Trial |Times(s) |Velocity(m/s) | |1 |00:00:82 |12. 20 | |2 |00:00:83 |12. 05 | |3 |00:00:85 |11. 6 | |4 |00:00:85 |11. 76 | |5 |00:00:82 |12. 20 | |6 |00:00:78 |12. 82 | |7 |00:00:79 |12. 66 | |8 |00:00:88 |11. 36 | |9 |00:00:84 |11. 90 | |10 |00:00:88 |11. 36 | |Maximum Velocity |11. 36m/s | |Minimum Velocity |12. 0m/s | |Average Velocity |12. 01m/s | |Table Height |76. 30cm | |Predicte d impact point |47. 32cm | |Minimum impact point distance |44. 76cm | |Maximum impact point distance |50. 51cm | |Actual impact point distance |46. 33cm | |% Error |2. 14% | Conclusions and Observations: Our predicted impact of (distance X) point of 47. 2cm was short by only 1cm of the actual X value of 46. 33cm. The impact points were close, so based on these results we support our predicted X value given the collected data from the experiment. I also calculated the % error and it was only 2. 14% and that again confirms our accurate result. One of the reasons for this accurate result was the technique we used to mark the point where the ball hit the floors in which we wet the ball with water so it will leave a mark on the paper place along the meter-stick. Another evidence to support our results was the height of table found from the kinematics’ equations was 76. cm while that actual measured height was 76. 3cm. As we performed the experiment we confirmed that the horizontal acceleration is always zero, but the horizontal distance that the ball covers before striking the ground does depend on initial velocity because we used uniform motion. We also leaned that Velocity in the y-direction is always zero at the beginning of the trajectory. In other words, the acceleration in the y-direction is constant, a fact that confirms the independence of vertical and horizontal motion. Through this lab, I was able to examine the affect of forces on the trajectory of a moving object. Projectile Motion Projectile Motion Lab Report Objectives: This laboratory experiment presents the opportunity to study motion in two dimensions, projectile motion, which can be described as accelerated motion in the vertical direction and uniform motion in the horizontal direction. Procedures and Apparatus: |Rubber Ball |White sheets of papers | |Metal Track |Water | |Books |Table | |Meter-stick |Stopwatch | Obtain all the apparatus and material needed to proceed with experiment †¢ Set up a ramp using the metal track and a bunch of books at any angle so that the ball will roll off. †¢ Measure the distance from the edge of the table to the end of the ramp. †¢ Roll the ball down the ramp and off the table but make sure to catch the ball as soon as it leaves the table; do this part 10 times and record the times †¢ Calculate average velocity for this step †¢ Measure the height (vertical distance or the y-axis) of the table. †¢ Using this height, derive t (time) from the unif orm accelerated motion in order to obtain the predicted distance x. The next step is to release the ball from the ramp and let it fall off the table to the floor. †¢ Measure the spot on the floor where the ball hits the floor point when the ball rolls off the table. †¢ We positioned a piece of paper on the floor on which the ball marks the spots it hit first; to achieve this we wet the ball with water so the mark will be more evident †¢ Record these distances at least 3 times in and add them up to obtain the actual distance x. †¢ Compare these actual results with the predicted distance, which you obtain in the first part using uniform motion.Summary of Theory: Projectile motion in two dimensions can be predicted by treating the motion as two independent motions; the horizontal (x) component of the motion and the vertical (y) component of the motion. We examined projectile motion by observing a ball rolling down then leaving the ramp, thus becoming a projectile wi th a horizontal initial velocity. We measured the horizontal and vertical distances that the projectile traveled from the end of the ramp to when it hit the floor my using a meter stick to measure. -The correct equation for the horizontal motion used was: V=?X/t, where ? X is the distance on the horizontal motion and t is the time for each trail. -The equation used to find the time was the derived uniform accelerated motion equation: -t = v2y, where y is the height of the table and g is the acceleration due to gravity g on the vertical motion % Error, actual-predicted x 100% actual Data and Results |Trial |Times(s) |Velocity(m/s) | |1 |00:00:82 |12. 20 | |2 |00:00:83 |12. 05 | |3 |00:00:85 |11. 6 | |4 |00:00:85 |11. 76 | |5 |00:00:82 |12. 20 | |6 |00:00:78 |12. 82 | |7 |00:00:79 |12. 66 | |8 |00:00:88 |11. 36 | |9 |00:00:84 |11. 90 | |10 |00:00:88 |11. 36 | |Maximum Velocity |11. 36m/s | |Minimum Velocity |12. 0m/s | |Average Velocity |12. 01m/s | |Table Height |76. 30cm | |Predicte d impact point |47. 32cm | |Minimum impact point distance |44. 76cm | |Maximum impact point distance |50. 51cm | |Actual impact point distance |46. 33cm | |% Error |2. 14% | Conclusions and Observations: Our predicted impact of (distance X) point of 47. 2cm was short by only 1cm of the actual X value of 46. 33cm. The impact points were close, so based on these results we support our predicted X value given the collected data from the experiment. I also calculated the % error and it was only 2. 14% and that again confirms our accurate result. One of the reasons for this accurate result was the technique we used to mark the point where the ball hit the floors in which we wet the ball with water so it will leave a mark on the paper place along the meter-stick. Another evidence to support our results was the height of table found from the kinematics’ equations was 76. cm while that actual measured height was 76. 3cm. As we performed the experiment we confirmed that the horizontal acceleration is always zero, but the horizontal distance that the ball covers before striking the ground does depend on initial velocity because we used uniform motion. We also leaned that Velocity in the y-direction is always zero at the beginning of the trajectory. In other words, the acceleration in the y-direction is constant, a fact that confirms the independence of vertical and horizontal motion. Through this lab, I was able to examine the affect of forces on the trajectory of a moving object. Projectile Motion Projectile Motion Lab Report Objectives: This laboratory experiment presents the opportunity to study motion in two dimensions, projectile motion, which can be described as accelerated motion in the vertical direction and uniform motion in the horizontal direction. Procedures and Apparatus: |Rubber Ball |White sheets of papers | |Metal Track |Water | |Books |Table | |Meter-stick |Stopwatch | Obtain all the apparatus and material needed to proceed with experiment †¢ Set up a ramp using the metal track and a bunch of books at any angle so that the ball will roll off. †¢ Measure the distance from the edge of the table to the end of the ramp. †¢ Roll the ball down the ramp and off the table but make sure to catch the ball as soon as it leaves the table; do this part 10 times and record the times †¢ Calculate average velocity for this step †¢ Measure the height (vertical distance or the y-axis) of the table. †¢ Using this height, derive t (time) from the unif orm accelerated motion in order to obtain the predicted distance x. The next step is to release the ball from the ramp and let it fall off the table to the floor. †¢ Measure the spot on the floor where the ball hits the floor point when the ball rolls off the table. †¢ We positioned a piece of paper on the floor on which the ball marks the spots it hit first; to achieve this we wet the ball with water so the mark will be more evident †¢ Record these distances at least 3 times in and add them up to obtain the actual distance x. †¢ Compare these actual results with the predicted distance, which you obtain in the first part using uniform motion.Summary of Theory: Projectile motion in two dimensions can be predicted by treating the motion as two independent motions; the horizontal (x) component of the motion and the vertical (y) component of the motion. We examined projectile motion by observing a ball rolling down then leaving the ramp, thus becoming a projectile wi th a horizontal initial velocity. We measured the horizontal and vertical distances that the projectile traveled from the end of the ramp to when it hit the floor my using a meter stick to measure. -The correct equation for the horizontal motion used was: V=?X/t, where ? X is the distance on the horizontal motion and t is the time for each trail. -The equation used to find the time was the derived uniform accelerated motion equation: -t = v2y, where y is the height of the table and g is the acceleration due to gravity g on the vertical motion % Error, actual-predicted x 100% actual Data and Results |Trial |Times(s) |Velocity(m/s) | |1 |00:00:82 |12. 20 | |2 |00:00:83 |12. 05 | |3 |00:00:85 |11. 6 | |4 |00:00:85 |11. 76 | |5 |00:00:82 |12. 20 | |6 |00:00:78 |12. 82 | |7 |00:00:79 |12. 66 | |8 |00:00:88 |11. 36 | |9 |00:00:84 |11. 90 | |10 |00:00:88 |11. 36 | |Maximum Velocity |11. 36m/s | |Minimum Velocity |12. 0m/s | |Average Velocity |12. 01m/s | |Table Height |76. 30cm | |Predicte d impact point |47. 32cm | |Minimum impact point distance |44. 76cm | |Maximum impact point distance |50. 51cm | |Actual impact point distance |46. 33cm | |% Error |2. 14% | Conclusions and Observations: Our predicted impact of (distance X) point of 47. 2cm was short by only 1cm of the actual X value of 46. 33cm. The impact points were close, so based on these results we support our predicted X value given the collected data from the experiment. I also calculated the % error and it was only 2. 14% and that again confirms our accurate result. One of the reasons for this accurate result was the technique we used to mark the point where the ball hit the floors in which we wet the ball with water so it will leave a mark on the paper place along the meter-stick. Another evidence to support our results was the height of table found from the kinematics’ equations was 76. cm while that actual measured height was 76. 3cm. As we performed the experiment we confirmed that the horizontal acceleration is always zero, but the horizontal distance that the ball covers before striking the ground does depend on initial velocity because we used uniform motion. We also leaned that Velocity in the y-direction is always zero at the beginning of the trajectory. In other words, the acceleration in the y-direction is constant, a fact that confirms the independence of vertical and horizontal motion. Through this lab, I was able to examine the affect of forces on the trajectory of a moving object.

Sigmund Freud Ideology

Sigmund Freud explored many new concepts in the human mind during his lifetime. He was the scholar who discovered an immense new realm of the mind, the unconscious. He was the philosopher who identified childhood experience, not racial destiny or family fate, as the vessel of character, and he is the therapist who invented a specific form of treatment for mentally ill people, psychoanalysis. This advanced the revolutionary notion that actual diagnosable diseases can be cured by a technology that dates to the dawn of humanity: speaking.Sigmund Freud, writing more than 320 books, articles and essays on psychotherapy in his lifetime, forever changed how society viewed mental illness and the meaning of their dreams. However, controversy over Freud’s theories surrounded his experiments in whether or not they were wholly accurate scientifically. By not being able to correctly recreate the experiments, the actual â€Å"success rate† of his theories cannot be tested for their a ccuracy in accordance to what Freud stated about his work.Thus, many scientists and influential scholars believe that â€Å"Freud brings the techniques of introspection employed by early nineteenth century poets but lacks aspects of nineteenth century science† (Hutton 62). Overall, the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud are difficult to access scientifically as far as helping mentally ill people recover in reference to treatments outlined in his work. On May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was born as the first child of Jakob and Amalia Freud.Freud had seven siblings, and described himself as his mother’s special favorite- her â€Å"golden Siggie† (Thornton). In his early life, he enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1873 where Freud did research in physiology for six years under the German scientist Ernst Brucke and received his medical degree in 1881. He then became a doctor at Vienna General Hospital and set up a private practice center for the treatment of psychological disorders in 1886.During World War II, his books were burned along with those by other famous thinkers. â€Å"What progress we are making,† Freud told a friend. â€Å"In the Middle Ages they would have burnt me; nowadays they are content with burning my books† (Thornton). Freud was interrogated by the Gestapo before his friend, Marie Bonaparte, was able to secure their safe passage to England. Bonaparte also tried to rescue Freud's four younger sisters, but was unable to do so. All four women later died in Nazi concentration camps. During this time, Freud as married to Martha Bernays, and the couple would have six children in their lifetimes. One of them, Anna, who was also interrogated by the Gestapo, was to become a distinguished psychoanalyst herself. Ultimately, after having undergone more than twenty surgeries, Sigmund died in September 1939 due to cancer of the mouth and throat from excessive cigar smoking. The Interpretation of Dreams, originally published under the title of ‘Die Traumdeutung’ in November of 1899, perfectly portrays Freud’s theories from Freud’s point of view.His other works, including The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, do not compel Freud to look into himself like in The Interpretation of Dreams, for â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams is the primary documentation of Freud’s self-analysis† (Parsons). Furthermore, he considered this novel to be his greatest work, even though it was his first. To modern scholars, however; â€Å"His autobiography is rather a record of his public accomplishments. On the whole he presents himself as he wished to be viewed by the world, not as he struggled in his interior life with his personal dilemmas† (Hutton 62).Many important ideas that contributed to the theories in Freud’s novel came from influential academic scholars such as Joseph Breuer, Jean Charcot and Ernst Brucke. Even then, the ideas portrayed in The Interpretation of Dreams, are controversial due to their authenticity. Sigmund Freud and his mentor Brucke wrote on hysteria. They explained their theory: Every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the person's understanding of the world.The emotions appropriate to the trauma are not expressed in any direct fashion, but do not simply evaporate: They express themselves in behavior that in a weak, vague way offers a response to the trauma. These symptoms are, in other words, meaningful. When the client can be made aware of the meanings of his or her symptoms (through hypnosis, for example) then the unexpressed emotions are released and so no longer need to express themselves as symptoms. With Charcot, many of Charcot's patients suffered from a bizarre array of physical and emotional problems, symptoms of a puzzling affliction doctors called â€Å"hyst eria. Freud became deeply interested in the plight of patients, typically women, who suffered from hysteria. Through the study of hysteria, Charcot would introduce young Freud to the mysteries he would spend the rest of his life trying to fathom – the power of mental forces hidden away from conscious awareness. Furthermore, â€Å"Freud’s father died four years prior to the publication. Painful and disturbing, the long run effect of freeing Freud from his inhibitions impeded his work† (Parsons).The death of Freud’s father most likely had a significant effect on his mind for the topics stated in The Interpretation of Dreams included a great sense of loss of a parental figure, relating to Freud’s ideas of infantile sexuality To Freud, this sexuality covers a much wider concept other than genital intercourse between a male and female. But whatever shape or form of sexuality one eventually takes, Freud asserts, it inevitably has its roots in the infanti le sexuality, which is described in terms of sexual development in the first few years of a life of an infant.He may have written about this topic unaware that he was relating his thoughts to the loss of his father. This also goes hand in hand with Freud’s theory of the unconscious. Freud viewed the unconscious mind as a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that is outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence human behavior and experience, even though they are unaware of these underlying influences.In the end, â€Å"He never ceased to extend and modify his theories† even when disagreements about Freud’s work erupted in the scientific community (Davis). The controversy surrounding Freud’s theories today occurs for many reasons. For example, he stated that his method of psyc hoanalysis cured mental illness; however, there is no way to prove that a patient has become mentally stable, for the patient’s symptoms may have simply been alleviated for a time. Even now â€Å"There is difficulty in specifying what counts as a cure for a neurotic illness, and what counts as a neurotic illness† (Davis).Also, â€Å"Freud’s theory could have been generated by logical confusions from long standing addiction to cocaine† (Girard). Before the harmful effects were discovered, cocaine was often used as an analgesic and euphoric. It was used in household products, and even soda and throat lozenges. Freud developed an interest in the potential antidepressant effects of cocaine, and initially advocated its use for a variety of purposes. This frequent use of the narcotic drug could have effected how Freud treated his patients, and how accurately he conducted his experiments.Disagreements over whether Freud was dependent on the drug shroud the scien tist’s credibility as well, however; it is certain that he used the narcotic drug himself, not just for his patients. As for the science within Freud’s groundbreaking discoveries, â€Å"There was something in his method akin to that of the magi of the Renaissance† (Hutton 61). Freud even stated that during his adolescent years, he was fascinated by dreams, and that allure drove him to study the human mind.It was for a purely individual appeal to discover himself that Freud started his lifelong career. Furthermore, most academic scholars today see Freud’s work as â€Å"Lacking scientific evidence, overemphasizing sex, and having frequent chauvinistic viewpoints† (Parsons). Freud’s infantile sexuality theory is based on data collection from the samples of only a particular group of people in Vienna. Many then argue that the infantile sexuality should differ from one society and culture to another.For example, in eastern societies where the fam ily is not a nuclear one, unlike most western families, the Oedipus Complex should not be as Freud suggests since there are more objects to which love and hate may be directed. This is indeed true but again, even if Freud’s work is just a representation of the western society, it still gives a lot of credible explanations for what happens in the western society in terms of neuroses, behaviors and psychology. Researchers are tapping into the chemistry of the unconscious, exploring the theory of repression, even testing ways to block traumatic memories.What they are finding does not necessarily prove Freud right or wrong but after decades of polarization between neuroscience (the study of the brain) and psychoanalysis (exploration of the mind), the two fields are beginning to find common ground. Dr. Eric Kandel, a Columbia professor, Howard Hughes Medical Institute senior investigator and Nobel Prize winner for his work on learning and memory speaks on Freud's greatest contribu tions: Much of what we do is unconscious. That is a revelation that largely comes from Freud.The fact that dreams have psychological meaning, that infants are active, thinking individuals who have sensual as well as painful experiences also comes from Freud. The fact that by listening carefully to a patient, you can get a lot of insight into what the unconscious is talking about. This is revolutionary stuff. (Kandel) Kandel perfectly outlines the relevance of Freud’s ideas to the common man’s life. However brilliant though, the discussion on whether Freud’s ideas are literary or scientific continues. The topic of Sigmund Freud’s theories eing literary or scientific shadows the debate upon whether Freud’s ideas are authentic. For instance, â€Å"If a theory is incompatible with all possible observations, it is scientific,† but, â€Å"[c]onversely, a theory which is compatible with all possible observations is unscientific† (Girard). In other words, if there is no way to disprove a theory’s findings, it cannot be scientific, and if the observations lead you to further insight about the topic that can be proven with specific results, then you have a true scientific theory.As far as being in favor of a literary theory, Freud’s ideas are always intriguing, and The Interpretation of Dreams is probably the best known book on dream interpretation. Also, â€Å"Freud thought of research on the workings of the psyche as a new frontier of science, but psychoanalysis, for all of its originality as a paradigm for understanding the psyche and its efficacy in curing troubled souls, was essentially a technique for retrieving lost memories† (Hutton 61).This concept from Freud contains ideas that are more poetic than systematic, so far as being in favor of a scientific theory; it provides a glimpse into psychoanalytic work from a man who devoted his whole life to discovering how the human mind functions. The c onsequences of believing Freud’s work was literary is that it did not fare well in the last few decades with the general public. Society did embrace the idea; however, once they look into the details of Freud’s ideas, flaws begin to occur in the logical reasoning.Consequences for believing Freud’s ideas are scientific are that they lack scientific rigor and have little or no substantiation in the scientific community. Freud deemed his work correct and scientific, even through the controversy. All the same, his evidence was biased for he based all examples in The Interpretation of Dreams directly to his life. Overall, â€Å"Freud’s theory- it is not falsifiable† due to the lack of true evidence supporting psychoanalytic experiments with Freud (Thornton). In context to how Freud’s ideas helped the mentally unstable, there is no way to portray exactly how well his methods worked.It is known that he used dream analysis, para praxes, word associa tion, projective tests and hypnosis; however the â€Å"success rate† for these measures varies because â€Å"success† in curing a mentally unstable person cannot be exactly measured. In society at the time, these methods of helping the mentally ill were widely accepted among the general public after Freud brought the idea of psychoanalysis to civilization. Freud honestly thought he was helping society by psychoanalyzing mental patients to discover what was vexing them emotionally.Nonetheless â€Å"The cure is affected essentially by a kind of purgation, a release of psychic energy† in which the patients must undergo a deep self-analysis to find the cause of their illness with the help of a psychoanalytic doctor (Girard). In Freud’s own words directly from The Interpretation of Dreams â€Å"The patient himself must become conscious of unresolved conflicts buried deep in the recess of the unconscious mind† (Freud 58). It was this very idea that made his work â€Å"Influential today so that when people speak of psychoanalysis, they frequently refer exclusively to clinical treatment† (Thornton).On the whole, there is no doubt that Freud’s theories about psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind were influential. However when dealing with mentally ill patients, his theories were unscientific by the experiments he conducted. Freud's psycho dynamic model may seem opaque to us today because he explained it in terms of the technology metaphor of his day. It is as if a scientist today used a current technology such as computers as a metaphor for things that one cannot explain easily.However, Sigmund Freud, although criticized, is a highly respected pioneer of psychology. The dominant paradigm of clinical work of psychiatry and psychology is Freudian work. Overall, Freud's theory of the unconscious assumes a personal mind; a mind inhabited with wishes, desires, and needs that have a biological, intra-psychological origin. Du e to this point, the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud are difficult to access scientifically as far as helping mentally ill people recover in reference to treatments outlined in his work.

Landlord & Tenant Law in the UK Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Landlord & Tenant Law in the UK Law - Essay Example Hence Lord Jenkins LJ had to assert that relationship was not decided by the label such as licence but by law, in his decision in Addiscombe Garden Estates v Grabbe.1 Later in 1985 Lord Templeman declared in Street v Mountford 2 that giving of exclusive possession for a period created tenancy. When the expiry date of the lease is passed, it is supposed to continue by operation of law facilitating security of tenure. The landlord in this case has not given any quit notice before expiry of the leases. As per section 24 (a) of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954, Bertrand, the landlord should therefore give notice under section 25 of the said act to quit and in turn the tenants would give their counter notices asserting their rights of security of tenure as afore said and would apply to County Court for new tenancies. Bertrand can refuse security of tenure only on the following grounds. The above last three namely b, c, and d will apply provided the Bertrand is prepared to suitably compensate the tenants to move out. Unless Bertrand is ready to pay compensation as provided for, he can not successfully oppose tenants' applications in the court claiming security of tenure. ... (d)For the landlord's own self use of the premises either for business or for use as his own residence. The above last three namely b, c, and d will apply provided the Bertrand is prepared to suitably compensate the tenants to move out. Unless Bertrand is ready to pay compensation as provided for, he can not successfully oppose tenants' applications in the court claiming security of tenure. However if the lease agreements have already excluded the provisions of security of tenure, the tenants can not remain in the premises. If compensation rights have also been excluded in the lease agreements, they can not also claim compensation if lease renewal is refused by Bertrand. If the landlord is not opposed to new tenancy, he should send notice in Form 1 prescribed by the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954, Part 2 (Notices) Regulations 2004. The notice should state that the landlord is ending the existing tenancy and that he is not opposed to the new tenancy. The notice should contain new proposals for the new tenancy which he should offer to discuss with the tenant and also state that if they do not mutually agree to the proposals either of them can approach court of grant of new tenancy and settling the terms of disagreement between them. In case of the tenants wishing to approach the court, the landlord must set a date on the notice for doing so. The date can be extended by mutual agreement between them as set out in sections 29A and 29 B of the Act. In this case, question remains what happens if the land lord has not sent notice before the expiry of the lease. It appears that tenants should be careful enough to apply in the court by the said of expiry date failing which it will be fatal to their security of tenure right. If on the other hand, landlord does not want

To what extent (if any) is racism a product of modernity Answer with Essay

To what extent (if any) is racism a product of modernity Answer with reference to the writings of David Goldberg - Essay Example It is vital, however, to demonstrate its modernity if we are to show how racism, rather than being a problem of individual pathology, is embedded in the structures of the modern nation-state.† (Lentin) David Theo Goldberg, leading scholar of critical race theory, contends, â€Å"Race is one of the central conceptual inventions of modernity" and that "we have come, if often only silently, to conceive of social subjects foremost in racial terms.† (Goldberg, Racist Culture p.3) Throughout his work, The Racial State, he further argues â€Å"that race has marked modernity and its development constitutively, that the racial state is in this sense the paradigmatically modern social formation." (Goldberg, Racial State, p.148) In his view the modern state sees itself as homogenous, seeing anyone who does not fit the social mold as worthy of exclusion. The exclusion can be as literal as segregation or figurative as in the sense that members must assimilate or be ostracized. This shows the central racist tendency of the modern state and racism as a product of that tendency. Anthropologist Audrey Smedley views race and racism in this way. â€Å"I argue that race was institutionalised beginning in the 18th century as a worldview, a set of culturally created attitudes and beliefs about human group differences.† Smedley is convinced of this, and along with many modern anthropologists believes that the basis for current racism has its roots in African slavery specifically. She does not make the claim for slavery itself as the root of racism, since before the modern era many people were enslaved. In Malik’s view, Smedley’s contention is somewhat courageous. â€Å"For much of the past half century, politicians and scientists have largely spoken with a single voice on the issue of race. The experience of Nazism and the Holocaust made racial science politically unacceptable. It also shaped the scientific consensus that race was a social myth, not a

What was is it Like to Participate in Civil War Essay

What was is it Like to Participate in Civil War - Essay Example What was is it Like to Participate in Civil War Slavery was not only the cause of the spark of combat, but also extended its roots into the soldier’s camps when the war began. For instance, black soldiers participated in the war at a significant threat to their lives especially from the confederate government who threatened to execute summarily or sell them to slavery. Some of the black union soldiers were captured and severely humiliated. One black soldier Aerambo Boyart in a letter to his wife reveals the harsh realities of the war as union armed forces attempted to triumph over Charleston. In the letter Boyart writes, â€Å"It is with great pleasure that I send a few lines to alert you that I am in the land of living and in the midst of death in every form and shape†. Participation in the civil required some sense of discipline, it is the universal aspect of nobility in the brigade or army to full execute the mission. Both units maintained a relatively standard discipline in obeying the orders of the camp commanders despite little different expression of opinions during the war period. For instance, when President Lincoln responded to attacks on fort Sumter and called 75000 militia volunteers. One individual Robert Lee of Virginia opposed the decision and even resigned; as a result. Another area where discipline is exhibit is on the slave’s role in the liberation. The slaves in confederacy deserted the plantations and fled to union lines. There also were few insurrections during the war as slave style began to disentangle.

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Leadership - Research Paper Example It may be adopted in the form of a democratic leader (Zastrow, 2009, p 186). A leader may be an authoritative leader. A leader on the other hand may be a laissez faire kind of leader. Other broader domains and types of leadership skills include participative and coordinating form of leadership. A leader is an individual who through his actions, words, policies and thoughts make a difference and guide his sub ordinates. The role of leadership in response is a set of instructions, commands, duty, post and designation which requires certain set of instructions, commands and obligations to be fulfilled in a definite set of circumstances that are set forth against them and their tasks and their duties (Malloch & Porter-OGrady, 2009, p. 231). Leadership is important because it provides the team, the organization, the home, the country and town a representative and guiding individual who through his skills, actions and steps guides his subordinates and the circumstances. Without the presence of the leader the entire unit would collapse. He serves as the foundation pillar and support against which the ideas, morale and the direction of the individuals is aligned and administered. The absence of leaders lead to a state of disarray where there is little harmony and the subsequent toll shows up on the overall project and the final outcome (Elsner & Farrands, 2012, p 38). Leaders are most effective when they are participative and when they are appointed through the will of the subordinates. The leaders are most effective when they know the pulse of the people the environment and the circumstances surrounding them. The leaders are further more effective when they embrace themselves to the challenges and face them with confidence and dedication. Further, the leaders are effective if they work under the spirit of professionalism by reducing any bias and dedicating all the sources and energies towards the final outcomes of the organizations. The functions of

Biological Factors Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biological Factors - Term Paper Example Families with weak family bonds and poor communication are predictors of future offensive behavior in the child. Parents who do not take disciplinary action against children as and when needed are likely to contribute to development of antisocial behavior in their children. Another predictor of criminal behavior is abuse and neglect in childhood. Peer groups also have an influence on criminal attitudes and behaviors. Poor peer relationships and company of criminal attitude peers contribute to criminal activity tendencies. 2) What biological factors appear to influence criminal propensity? Behavior of human beings is multidimensional and both biological and environmental factors play a major role in the development of human behavior. The limitations of biological influences on human behavior is evident from family, adoption and twin studies. Evidence from these studies has shown that genetic factors alone are not responsible the complex human behavior and that environmental factors al so have an influence on behavior. Biological factors contributing to criminal behavior can be genetic or neurochemical. Twin studies have shown that there is high hereditary factor in criminal behavior. This is evident from a study in which follow up was done on monozygotic twins who were reared separately and despite different environmental influences, strong criminal behavior was noted among the twins.

Individual Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Individual Analysis Paper - Essay Example ‘emotional stability’, I can deal with difficult situations, and accordingly with the help of ‘conscientiousness’ and ‘openness-to-experience’, I will be able to gain more knowledge and become more competent as well as productive for my organization. Thus, these personality traits possessed by me will certainly have a positive impact on my job performance/satisfaction as my interpersonal skills are unrivalled in my current organization. I scored 64 units in terms of my job satisfaction which depicts that I am not highly satisfied with my present job role. As a competent professional, I wish to face more challenging job roles that would be adequate in utilizing my personal skills as well as the knowledge gained through experiences in my work. Notably, I have learnt the work process on my own and find myself to deserve a better and more challenging work to improve my overall job satisfaction. However, in the current position, I feel to be overqualified, which is the main reason for my lower job satisfaction score. I scored 19 in disciplining others which is not sufficient but also not quite low to be ignored. The reason for scoring low is certainly my lack of involvement in disciplining positions for a long period that hampered my skills largely due to non-performance. To improve my disciplining skills, I require practicing them regularly in my professional and in my personal life as

Music And Healing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Music And Healing - Essay Example The sound has the properties which are expected from a wave. A wave turns to be a vibration of physical medium and efficiency of exercise exclusively increases if objects vibrate on the same frequency. The scope of sports psychology has the particular interest in the way music can affect athlete’s performance. According to Gluch, a lot of athletes confirm recurring to music as to additional motivational tool, especially at challenging times, for instance, before the competition. Some of them claim that listening to music makes them perform better and work harder. There are several influential factors which might explain that. One of the most consistent benefits is a particular quality of music which is connected with distracting attention. Music might be used as the effective distracter. According to Crust & Clough, it distracts attention from the work a person is doing. I would rather say that it re-distributes attention. By abundant attention channels charged with informatio n (in our case it is music), there is no possibility to focus on the pain that is produced by exercise. This causes athletes to estimate perceived exertion as lower. Â  All in all, I would like to underscore that the choice of musical compositions for exercise is quite random and depends on my objectives and expectations for training. Thus, the physical state should resonate with the psychological state. A thorough examination of wave’s nature proves that resonance is one of the core factors of sound therapy’s efficiency.

DQ1 e-activity and DQ2 Competitive Advantage Essay

DQ1 e-activity and DQ2 Competitive Advantage - Essay Example of buyers had an effect on an industry’s competitive pricing and consumer’s demand for better services, which affects the strategy of a firm (Porters, 2008b, 14). In this case, firms in the industry where customers have bargaining power experienced instances whereby consumers pressed for price reductions. Finally, the rivalry influenced the profitability of firms in an industry depending on the intensity of the rivalry and the basis of a firm’s rivalry (Porters, 2008b, 18). The online auction industry experiences robust growth due to the ongoing global internet and technological innovations although Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay are the most dominant firms in the industry (Bajari & Hortaà §su, 2004, p. 459). Nevertheless, the availability of online auction software in the industry, coupled with the low costs of establishing start-ups and cheap hosting services available, pose a threat of new entrants into the industry. In effect, the fact that the cost of start-ups in the industry is cheap makes the bargaining power of suppliers low in the online auction industry. On the other hand, buyers in the industry hold high stakes in a company’s profitability and success due to the bidding platform that the industry provided (Pinker, Seidmann, & Vakrat, 2003, p. 1457). In this case, buyers will control a firm’s strategy in the online auction industry since they have an option of buying the same commodities online from other dealers at a price of their choice. On the other hand, rivalry amongst firms in the industry results from the bidding platform offered, which brings intense rivalry (Stafford & Stern, 2002, p. 135). Finally, other resellers and auctioneers that are not internet based pose the substitutes’ threat in the online auction industry. Stafford, M. R., & Stern, B. (2002). Consumer Bidding Behavior on Internet Auction Sites. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7(1), 135-150. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27751048 Small businesses

Mercedes Benzs E-Biz Solution Essay Example for Free

Mercedes Benzs E-Biz Solution Essay The fact that we would be one of the first car manufacturers in the United States to have a factory delivery program would be seen as a very positive thing in this regard. William Engelke, Assistant Manager, IT Systems, Mercedes Benz US International, commenting on the FDRS. Linking Customers By 2000, Mercedes Benz United States International (MBUSI), builder of the high-quality MClass sports utility vehicle (SUV), established itself as a company that also delivered superior customer services. One such service was the delivery option where by the customer could take delivery of the vehicle at the factory in Alabama, US. The program called the Factory Delivery Reservation System (FDRS), enabled MBUSI to create and validate 1800 orders per hour. FDRS also automatically generated material requirements and Bills of Material1 for 35,000 vehicles per hour. The Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution that made FDRS possible was based on Lotus Domino2 and IBM Netfinity3 server4. Analysts felt that with its innovative use of the new program, MBUSI not only managed to improve its customer relations by providing the best service, but also demonstrated its commitment to customers by making them an integral part of the process. Customers were, in a way linked directly to the factory floor – which was a powerful sales tool. Background: Mbusi and its Business Challenges MBUSI was a wholly-owned subsidiary of DaimlerChrylser AG. 5 In 1993, Daimler Benz realized that the Benz brand could be extended to wider market segments. Traditionally, Mercedes Benz6 appealed to older and sophisticated customers only. Daimler Benz wanted to attract customers below 40 years of age, who wanted a rugged vehicle with all the safety and luxury features of a Mercedes. Daimler Benz decided to develop a SUV known as the M-Class. It expected strong demand for the new vehicle and therefore planned to build its first car-manufacturing facility – MBUSI – in the (Tuscaloosa, Alabama) US. The MBUSI facility had many advantages. First, labor costs in the US were almost half that of in Germany. Second, the US was the leading geographic market for SUVs. Third, as the vehicles were assembled in the US, they could be distributed to Canada and Mexico more efficiently. In January 1997, the factory started production at partial capacity and by the end of the year, it was producing at full capacity. By 2000, the factory was rolling out around 380 vehicles per day. The new M-Class „allactivityvehicle represented a new concept for the company. Also, mass customization required that each vehicle be treated as a separate project, with its own Bill of Material. To deal with these challenges, Daimler Benz decided to implement an enterprise wide Information Technology (IT) system, with the help of IBM Global Services7. To further strengthen the image of Mercedes Benz in the US, MBUSI planned to deliver vehicles at the factory, becoming the first international automobile manufacturer in the US to do so. MBUSI also wanted to enrich the customersexperience. Commented William Engelke, â€Å"The factory delivery option gives Mercedes-Benz customers something that they do not get from other automobile manufacturers which is why we think the program will resonate with our customers. We think that having the factory delivery program available to Mercedes customers adds to the overall experience of the customer. † The Design of FDRS The FDRS program was proposed in the first quarter of 1998. In the third quarter of 1998, MBUSI entered into a contract with IBM. A development team was constituted with IBM Global Solutions specialists and IBM e-commerce developers, who worked closely with MBUSI. The program became operational by the first quarter of 1999. The IT team at MBUSI had a clear set of functional specifications for FDRS. However, they relied on IBM to transform the concept into an e-business solution. The FDRS was designed in such a way that customers buying the M-Class SUV could specify that will take delivery of their new vehicle at the factory. They could place the order at any of the 355 Mercedes Benz dealers in the US. An authorized employee at the dealership entered the factory delivery order the web interface. Timing was the most important aspect of the FDRSfunctionality, as it was closely linked with MBUSIs vehicle production schedule. Mercedes Benz United States of America (MBUSA)8, based in Montvale, NJ, was the first link in the FDRS program. It was the point where the dealer actually placed the order. MBUSAs role was to coordinate the distribution of vehicles to dealers across the country. Later, it had to add the order to the companys Baan Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)9system, which scheduled the order for production. About three months before the production date, the dealer could schedule in a window, the date and time of arrival of the customer at the factory for delivery. The window was then automatically computed by the FDRS to give the dealer, the possible delivery dates. Apart from the delivery date, the customer could also specify the accessories for the car and also request a factory tour. FDRS was based on Lotus Domino (Refer Exhibit I), Lotus Enterprise Integrator10 and IBM Netfinity servers. It also interfaced with IBM S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server, Model 9672-R45 located in Montvale, NJ (Refer Figure I). There were two Domino servers – an IBM Netfinity 5500 and an IBM Netfinity 3000. FIGURE I SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF FDRS Source: MBUSI The former that acted as the „internal Domino serverwas placed behind a firewall 11. It replicated databases through the firewall to the external server. The replication, which was encrypted, represented the primary means by which the FDRS system achieved security. Netfinity 3000 acted as an „external Domino server. It had public information and was also the primary communication linkage for dealers. The ack-end of the FDRS was equipped with an Oracle database that updated the internal Domino server database with order information. The updation was done using Lotus Enterprise Integrator. The data which was replicated to the internal Domino server included lists of valid dealers and lists of order numbers. When an order was placed by the dealer on the FDRS system, the data was first stored on the external Domino server, after which it w as replicated to the internal Domino server. Then it was replicated to the back-end database via the Lotus Enterprise Integrator. Data replication between the Lotus Notes servers happened every 15 minutes and data exchange with the back-end database three times per day. There was also a link between the back end database and an IBM S/39012 mainframe based system located at MBUSA via a T113 line. MBUSA managed the flow of vehicles to Mercedes dealers across the United States. This mainframe based system, received new vehicle orders (as opposed to factory delivery reservation requests) from individual dealers. The orders were then sent to MBUSIs Baan system and also to the back-end database. The vehicle ordering and factory reservation data were coordinated with each other when the back-end database uploaded the data to the internal Domino server. This coordinated the production and delivery information. FDRS Implementation One of the most challenging aspects of the implementation seemed to be the complexity of the Lotus and Domino scripts. The development team had to group all the information from diverse systems. Commented William Engelke, â€Å"There was a substantial amount of very complex coding involved in the FDRS solution. This application involves a lot more than having our dealers fill out a form and submitting it. There are many things the servers have to do for the system to function properly, such as looking at calendars and production schedules. We built a solution with some very advanced communication linkages. † IBM faced many technical challenges during the implementation of the program. One of them was the different timing schemes of the Lotus Notes databases and backend databases (ERP). This led to discrepancies in the data. Domino server was a Near Real Time (NRT) Server14, and MBUSIs backend activities were both real time15and batch processing16. Also, to get the best results, the Domino server was an optimised subset of the ERP table set17. However, the development team achieved a balance between the two „sidesof the solution by focusing on issues of timing, error detection schemes, and alerts. Customer Satisfaction: FDRS Primary Benefit MBUSI seemed to measure FDRSsuccess in terms of increased satisfaction of its customers. The company also believed that the marketing and customer satisfaction aspects outweighed the significance of more traditional cost-based benefits. Apart from the factory delivery experience, the program also offered the customer a factory tour and ride on the off-road course at a low cost. The company also seemed to gain strategic marketing benefits from the FDRS program, as it was able to establish Mercedes-Benz as a premium brand. (Refer Table I for advantages of FDRS in different areas). Customers could also visit the various tourist spots in Alabama after picking up their M-class vehicles. TABLE I ADVANTAGES OF THE FDRS PROGRAM AREA Strategic Marketing Benefits Cost Savings ADVANTAGES FDRS was expected to improve customer satisfaction and brand loyalty, as it enriched Mercedes customers experience. The program also strengthened the brand image of Mercedes in the US. Development of a web-based solution enabled MBUSI to offer the factory delivery program at substantially lower costs, due to less reliance on administrative personnel. â€Å"Package Marketing† the FDRS program with a ride to tourist sites, enhanced the image of Alabama as a tourist destination. The creation of a similar – albeit smaller – factory delivery system to the European Customer Delivery Center in Sindelfingen, Germany, reflected favorably on the MBUSI business unit. Source: MBUSI Regional Economic Development DaimlerChrysler AG Future of FDRS In 2000, MBUSI planned to leverage FDRSplatform by adding a range of other services. MBUSI built an advanced platform to create communication links to its suppliers. Through the link, MBUSI provided them feedback on the quality of supplies it received. The dealers and suppliers had a user-ID and password, which the system recognized. It then routed them into the appropriate stage of the FDRS. The company also planned to extend the innovative system to include transactional applications such as ordering materials and checking order status on the Web. The company expected that the new system based on FDRS, would be more cost-effective than the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)18 system. ] Bill of Material keeps track of all raw materials, parts, and subassemblies used to create a finished product. 2] A product of IBM Corp. , Lotus Notes and Domino R5 are the industrys leading client/server combination for collaborative messaging and e-business solutions. 3] The IBM Netfinity server offers solutions for file-and-print and application computing needs. 4] A computer or de vice on a network that manages network resources. For example, a file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server. A print server is a computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. A database server is a computer system that processes database queries. 5] DaimlerChrysler AG was the result of a merger between two leading car manufacturers – Daimler Benz of Germany and Chrysler Corp. of the US in 1998. 6] A luxury brand of passenger cars, Sports Utility Vehicles from DaimlerChrysler. 7] IBM Global Services is the services and consultancy division of IBM Corp. that offers extensive ebusiness solutions. 8] MBUSA is the wholly owned US subsidiary of DaimlerChrylser. ] ERP attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments particular needs. 10] A server-based data distribution product that enables data exchange between Lotus Domino and a number of host and relational applications. 11] A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or f rom a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. 12] The IBM S/390 servers offer direct high speed access to the e-business application and are used for Enterprise Computing. 13] A dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of 1. 544 Mbits per second. A T1 Line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of which supports 64 Kbits per second. Each 64 Kbit per second channel can be configured to voice or data traffic. 14] The NRT Server System supports real time distribution of near-real time data. 5] Real time refers to events simulated by a computer at the same speed that they would occur in real life. 16] Executing a series of noninteractive jobs all at one time. The term dates back to the days when users entered programs on punch cards. They gave a batch of these programmed cards to the system operator, who fed them into the computer. Usually, batch jo bs are stored up during working hours and then executed whenever the computer is idle. Batch processing is particularly useful for operations that require the computer or a peripheral device for an extended period of time. Once a batch job begins, it continues until it is done or until an error occurs. Note that batch processing implies that there is no interaction with the user while the program is being executed. 17] The ERP tables are the database tables, (thousands of them), on which the package is built. The programmers and end users must set these tables to match their business processes. Each table has a decision „switchthat leads the software down one decision path or another. 18] EDI connects all the suppliers in and out of the US. www. icmrindia. org/free resources/casestudies/Mercedes Benz-ITSystems-Case Studies. htm

What Is Angelman Syndrome Biology Essay

What Is Angelman Syndrome Biology Essay Parents: What is Angelman Syndrome? Me: Angelman syndrome is a nervous disorder of the brain also called as Puppet syndrome. The syndrome was first reported by a British pediatrician Dr. Harry Angelman in 1965. It leads to mental disorder accompanied with speech problems. This is a very rare condition that sometimes even doctors are not completely aware of it. The syndrome is often misdiagnosed with cerebral palsy, autism or other mental disorders of children. The occurrence is approximately 1 in 25,000. Parents: What is the Prognosis of the syndrome? Me: The individuals with this condition have quite a healthy and normal life span. Some of the common features that can be noted are sleeping disorders, attention deficiency, speech problems and hyperactivity. Even these can slowly diminish with age. Their sexual development is normal. Puberty and menstrual cycle are also normal and occur at the right approximate age. There are high risks of having severe developmental delays which can be minimized or avoided to an extent by early diagnosis and therapy. They can lead an independent adult life except people who also have epilepsy along with this syndrome. Parents: We found her being slightly abnormal, she wasnt able to grasp what we are telling and is really struggling to pronounce words. What are the other possible symptoms? Me: The main symptoms of the disease are mental retardation, speech problems and hyperactive behavior. It is usually present right from birth but the symptoms of it are mostly not noticed until the age of 3. But certain developmental delays can be noted between 6 to 12 months of the child. Usually their MRI and CT scan reports show structurally normal brain features. They may have no speech or very low speaking capacity. They have higher tendency in actions rather than verbal communication. They show some unique behavior like hand flapping, attention deficiency, frequent laughter, sleeping disturbances, delayed toilet training, feeding problems and easily excitable personality. Seizures are noted only after the age of three so the possibility of identifying the syndrome before this age is not always possible. Their Electroencephalography (EEG) reports turn out to be abnormal; EEG is a test used to check the neural activity of the brain. They have much attraction to water and are highly sensitive to heat. It is not completely known why laughter is so frequent in this syndrome. Continuous smiling, abnormal facial gestures followed by burst of laughter in public are noted in almost 70 75% of the cases. They may not have good balancing capacity to walk. Trembling legs are noted along with ataxia. Ataxia is a condition where there is no co-ordination of muscular movements. They have trembling feet resulting is disability to walk. Normal sitting and walking may take 3-4 yrs of age. In highly severe cases walking is not possible until they are older, or it may be robotic. 100% of the cases are mentally retarded with attention deficit and which is non-progressive. They may be severe in most of the cases. Mostly they would need a sheltered life in their adulthood. Parents: Oh! Do they show any abnormal physical features? Because our daughter seems to look quite normal. Me: Yes! They do. Some of the common ones are a flat head at the back, wide opened mouth with spaced teeth, light hair and eye color, deep set eyes, excessive chewing behaviors, lightly pigmented skin texture, uplifted arm position, enlarged toes, soft and tender palms, tongue thrusting, and frequent drooling. A small head may be found in certain cases. All the symptoms which I have said both physical and clinical need not necessarily be found in all kids with this syndrome. They may occur in different combinations and in different levels. Parents: How did the condition arise? Me: Angelman syndrome occurs due to the deletion of a part of the chromosome 15 known as 15q11-13 that comes from the mother which results in abnormal or no expression of the maternal chromosome in the child. And hence all the functions of the chromosome 15 are being affected. Around 60-65% patients are affected by this cause. In 2-5% of the cases there may be two copies of chromosome 15 from the father and no chromosome from the mother. This condition is termed as uniparental disomy. Sometimes the chromosome obtained from the mother functions exactly the same as the chromosome obtained from the father. Rarely AS may result due to breaks in the chromosome like translocation where two chromosomes break and exchange their broken pieces. The other type is inversion where a chromosome breaks and gets attached in the opposite direction. In both these cases the exact combination of amino acids is changed which would affect the production of ubiquitin ligase protein. And finally in 20% cases there may be a fault in the UBE3A gene which is present on chromosome 15. UBE3A is ubiquitin ligase, which is considered as one of the major factors for the normal development and functioning of the brain. The relevancy of this gene to the disease is not yet completely known. 15-20% of the cases are unidentified mutation. They are still under study and a clear cause is not defined. Parents: What is the importance of these chromosomes? Me: Every chromosome is made of DNA which consists of specific amino acids. Different combinations of amino acids help in producing different proteins which are responsible for specific functions in the body. So when there is an alteration in the chromosome it affects the production of the particular protein. So automatically the protein function is lost and the relevant disorder arises. The protein that is involved in brain growth and function is called as ubiquitin ligase protein which is produced from the chromosome 15 of the mother. The condition is always from the chromosome 15 of the mother. The same chromosome from the father is also equally important but alterations in the fathers gene would lead to a different condition called the Prader Willi Syndrome. Parents: What are the ways of diagnosis? Me: Diagnosing AS is difficult during infancy. The criteria for diagnosis was developed only in 1995 and further revised in 2000 by the Angelman syndrome society (USA). In certain cases parents or doctors may find developmental delays between 6-12 months of the child. Even all brain scan reports turn to be quite normal. Only after the age of two or three notable changes can be found like concentration problems, speech impairment, balance disorder, frequent smiling or flapping of hands. After the age of three EEG reports can be found abnormal which is be followed by DNA analysis. Sometimes even genetic reports turn out to be normal which can lead to a lot of confusion and misdiagnosis. Family history of the syndrome and development history of the child is completely studied and genetic expression of the ubiquitin protein is confirmed. The confirmatory test for the Angelman Syndrome involves testing of blood in four steps: The size, shape and number of chromosomes in a cell sample are noted for changes. This is known as karyotyping. Genetic analysis to find missing chromosomes. This is done by a specialized process called FISH (fluorescent in-situ hybridization). A test called DNA methylation test is done where the result will confirm whether the DNA of both the parents is expressed. If both the DNA copies are expressed it means that they are active. In cases of AS only paternal or the fathers DNA is expressed. Finally UBE3A protein is sequenced. This is done because sometimes DNA methylation test turns to be normal. This is due to the condition that maternal DNA is normally expressed but mutated. Parents: Is Gene therapy possible. What are the other possible treatment methods? Me: There is no possible treatment for the disease at the genetic level. Since 99% of the cases are spontaneous mutation the possibility of prevention is also at the least level. Angelman syndrome is a collection of various medical conditions; hence separate therapies can be carried out for every symptom to provide a better lifestyle for the patient. The therapies are selected according to the noted symptoms and their level of effect on the individual. From the age of 3 speech and communication therapy is recommended for improving their speaking and communicating skills. Occupational therapy is carried out for everyday living skills. Physiotherapy can help in better walking and other motor activities. Sometimes hypermotoric behaviors cant be controlled by behavioral therapy so perfectly safe environment must be provided. If the condition is accompanied by epilepsy, separate medications are followed as prescribed by the physician for treatment of seizures. Medications are also available for sleeping problems, hyperactivity etc. Non prescribed sedatives are not to be given because they may lead to negative side effects. Because that they have feeding problems their nutritional status should be frequently monitored. Surgeries are available for conditions like strabismus and other orthopedic problems. Surgical rod stabilization is done for severe curvatures. During old age the individuals become less mobile and are not much active. They must be given scheduled work under supervision to avoid obesity and scoliosis. Scoliosis is a condition of severe curvature side to side in the spinal cord. Parents: What is the mode of inheritance? Will our future children be affected? The risk of inheritance is based upon the type of mutation that occurs in the parents. With no family history for the disease and if the occurrence is completely spontaneous during cell division then the chances of getting the disorder in consequent children is

Edge Detection Using Kirsch Algorithms

Edge Detection Using Kirsch Algorithms Image processing is the study of representation and manipulation of pictorial information. In Image Processing, an edge is the boundary between an object and its background. Therefore, if the edges of images objects can be identified with precision, all the objects can be located and their properties such as area, perimeter and shape can be calculated. Edge detection is an essential tool for image processing. Edge detection is the process of locating the edge pixels. Then an edge enhancement will increase the contrast between the edges and the background in such a way that edges become more visible. In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges. Therefore, it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). The proposal is organized as follows. First, describe the research problems statement, Research Objective, Hypothesis, Delimitations, Assumptions, Terms, significant of the Research Problem, Literature Review session. Lastly the Research Methodology and Conclusion sections respectively. Research Problem Problem Statements As a human being, we could not notice the petite lines of an image. We could only recognize an enormous range of objects from just line images such cartoons. Besides, in Malaysian, it is acknowledge that there is no system to identify the edges of the local cars. They prefer to choose the human faces, geometric shapes or the environment image as their image research. So, by using edge detection techniques, the result of detected edges image could show us the lines or edges from the obvious lines to the tiniest lines of that certain image (Brendan McCane, 2001). For example, Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise (Raman Maini, 2005). In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges where it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). Research Objectives The objectives of this study are: 1) To identify edge detection of image processing system on Malaysian cars. 2) To be able to draw a bitmap result where edges are either in gray scaled or colored for enhancement of edges in an image. 3) To compare the edge detection methods to one another by using the Prewit Edge Detector, Sobel Edge Detector and Kirsch Edge Detector. 2.3 Hypothesis Believe that by implementing different edge detecting algorithms, verified images will be more exact and precise in terms of image accuracy and clarity. 2.4 Delimitations The edge detections will only be analyzing between Sobel, Prewit and Kirsch algoritms. The image processing edge detection does not contain any hierarchical structure but only groups of local cars images. 2.5 Assumptions The participants are familiar the basic knowledge of edge detection to ensure they realize what is happening during the experimental session. They are not trained to identify the difference between the 3 algorithms given to them All participants are at least two year experience in image processing activities to make sure that they could determine what the purpose of this research is. Terms Noise = amount of distortion of a pixel value against the frequency of images Thresholding = separates the pixels in ways that tend to preserve the boundaries Filter = Process by which we can enhance or otherwise modify images. 2.6 Research Significance The image of Malaysian cars will be captured as the input. The each of the images edges will be detected either by using the Prewit Edge Detector, Sobel Edge Detector or Kirsch Edge Detector. If the user chooses to see the output of Prewit Edge Detector, the result of detected edges will be appear on the panel and same goes to if they choose the Sobel Edge Detector or the Kirsch Edge Detector. They could choose all of the three edge detectors for more precise observation. The result also will be compare with the human views to get the similarity of edge detecting against it. Literature Review Introduction to Image Processing Edge Detection In Image Processing, an edge is the boundary between an object and its background. They represent the frontier for single objects. Therefore, if the edges of images objects can be identified with precision, all the objects can be located and their properties such as area, perimeter and shape can be calculated. Edge detection is an essential tool for image processing. Edge detection is the process of locating the edge pixels. Then an edge enhancement will increase the contrast between the edges and the background in such a way that edges become more visible. In addition, edge tracing is the process of following the edges, usually collecting the edge pixels into a list. In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges. Therefore, it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The horizontal and vertical gradient matrices whose dimensions are 3-3 for the Sobel method has been generally used in the edge detection operations. In this work, a function is developed to find edges using the matrices whose dimensions are 5-5 in matlab (Shigeru A, 2000). Since edge detection is in the forefront of image processing for object detection, it is crucial to have a good understanding of edge detection algorithms. Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise. Different kinds of noise are studied in order to evaluate the performance of the Prewitt Edge Detector (Raman Maini, 2005). The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). 3.2 Comparisons of Edge Detection Techniques a) Sobel Sobel edge detector using convolutions with row and column edge gradient masks (Percy S, 2001). Applies a 3-3 convolution filter row-wise in order to determine the gradient of the surrounding pixels. Pixel is a member of an edge if the intensity of it is greater than that of the members of its surrounding pixels. The Sobel edge detection filter uses the two 3-3 templates to calculate the gradient value. 1 2 1 -1 0 1 -1 -2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 -1 -1 Figure 1: Sobel Algorithm X Y Original image Sobel Edge Detection Original image Figure 1.1: Sobel Edge Detection Output b) Prewit Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise. Different kinds of noise are studied in order to evaluate the performance of the Prewit Edge Detector (Raman Maini, 2005). This is similar to the Sobel detector Operates under the same principle except that it uses a different (simpler) convolution kernel. -1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1The Prewitt edge detection filter uses the two 3-3 templates to calculate the gradient value. -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 1 Figure 2: Prewit Algorithm X Y Original image Prewitt Edge Detection Original image Figure 2.1: Prewit Edge Detection Output c) Kirsch The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (Mike Heath, 2001).The filters are of the form: 5 5 5 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 Figure 3: Kirsch Algorithm X Y Original image Kirsch Edge Detection Original image Figure 3.1: Kirsch Edge Detection Output 3.3 Thresholding The idea of thresholding is to apply a boundary-finding method (such as edge detection), sample of the histogram that are only near where the boundary probability is high. The benefit of thresholding is to separates the pixels in ways that tend to preserve the boundaries. Besides that, other scattered distributions within the object or the background are irrelevant. But, the problems if the characteristics change along the boundary, it still no guarantee you wont have extraneous pixels or holes (IgorPro, 2006). The advantages of thresholding can be declared that it is simple to implement, fast especially if repeating on similar images and it is good for some kinds of images such as documents, controlled set-ups. The disadvantages of thresholding can be assume that it is usually not very good segmentation, there are no guarantees of object coherency such as they may have holes, extraneous pixels, and so on and there are connected component labeling can then be used to label separate foreground regions. METHODOLOGY This chapter provides methodology that used to develop text search engine prototype. Methodology is a study of methods, a set of procedures and selecting data. All of workflow involved in the implementation of this project is explained from the beginning to the end. Project Formulation Framework Figure 4: Overview of Project Formulation Framework Project Framework Summary Phase Objectives Deliverables Planning 1) To identify and understand potential problems. 2) Ensure goals, scope, budget, schedule, methods and tools are in place. 1) Define the problem statement, objectives, scope and contribution of study. 2) Collecting images of Malaysian cars. Analysis 1) Analyzing the system requirement. 2) Analyze the edge detection algorithms used for the system (Sobel, Prewit and Kirsch). 1) Prototype requirement and requirement model. 2) Identify the comparison of the algorithms chosen. Design 1) Design the prototype interface and the coding (classes and object). 2) Design function and algorithms. 1) System and Detailed design. 2)GUI interface Implementation 1) Translate design into code New application Testing 1)Pre-test and pro-test the application Test the application Data Collection The data collection is the most critical process in this project. As mentioned earlier, this study will only focus on Malaysian cars. Before developed the application tool, all information must be collected first. This stages involved data collection about sample of Malaysian car images and project requirements which are hardware and software requirements. The sample images of the car will be captured by using digital camera. The main hardware system in order to capture an image is the camera to grab the image of the cars. The images are in a bitmapped or digital image format. Besides that, this study also gathered information from internet. It was the greatest finding for this project. From internet, more information can be explored in detail such as about bitmapped image model, journals and articles about previous researches which related to this project the Malaysian cars itself and many more. 4.4 Prototype Development Throughout the development of the application, there were involving some steps. After all the information gathered, the development processes take place. Firstly, as an input the image of the Malaysian cars must be captured. A digital camera was used to acquire the images. There were 10 images of different category of Malaysian cars as samples for this project. In capturing the images, hardware system also involved. The camera will use to grab the image and the computer system will do the image processing and data analysis for the images. The images were scanned to convert them into digital form. Experiment and Procedure In the experimental task, the participants will be given the Malaysian car images. They will run the application by choosing different car images and test all the images to the different edge detection algorithm provided to them. The output which is the result of comparison between those 3 algorithms (Sobel, Prewitt and Kirsch) will be recorded. The user, based on his/her experience will determine the sharp, sharper and sharpest result of edge detected images from system. Here, they might recognize which edge detector is more accurate in image clarity capturing. The summary of the experiment is as follows; Pretest Participants choose Malaysian cars images and tryout them using the algorithms provided. Posttest /Treatment Participants evaluate the result which edge detection algorithm is the sharp, sharper or sharpest. Observation My experiment used one-group pretest and posttest design.7. The group participated in both pre-experiment evaluation and post-experiment evaluation sequentially. The design is represented as follows: Group Time Æ’Â   Group 1 Observation 1 (using Sobel Algorithm with and without thresholding) Observation 2 (using Prewit Algorithm with and without thresholding) Observation 3 (using Kirsch Algoritm with and without thresholding) Figure 5: Experimental design 7 Experimental Design Number 7: pretest and posttest design. Data Analyses After collecting all the data from their query results from the participants, we use the following standard criteria for evaluating retrieval for effectiveness of search are used . The keyword-based search and the ontology-based search have been evaluated using the following formula: Comparison of Edge Detectors Image Sharpness Based on Thresholding Value Bil Type of Malaysian Cars Sobel Prewit Kirsch 1 Perodua Kelisa Sharpest Sharper Sharp 2 Perodua Kenari Sharpest Sharper Sharp 3 Perodua Kembara Sharpest Sharper Sharp 4 Proton Wira Sharpest Sharper Sharp 5 Proton Waja Sharpest Sharp Sharper 6 Proton Satria Neo Sharpest Sharper Sharp 7 Perodua Kancil Sharpest Sharper Sharp 8 Proton Saga Aeroback Sharpest Sharp Sharper 9 Proton Satria Sharper Sharpest Sharp 10 Perodua Myvi Sharpest Sharper Sharp Table 1: Approximate image sharpness of the algorithms based on 10 of Malaysian car images Sharp Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 0/10*100 = 0% 2/10*100 = 20% 8/10*100 = 80% Table 2: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharp category Sharper Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 1/10*100 = 10% 7/10*100 = 70% 2/10*100 = 20% Table 3: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharper category Sharpest Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 9/10*100 = 90% 1/10*100 = 10% 0/10*100 =0% Table 4: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharpest category Figure 6: Histogram for the comparison result for precision According to the Figure 6, based on Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4, the sharp, sharper and sharpest result is based from the thresholding value of 60. In making this research, some important lesson or experience has been learned. After the project successfully developed and tested, the result from the testing is analyzed. The results are between human viewing and prototype viewing. By analysis and compare the results the accuracy of the project is determined. It also use as a measurement to the third objective of the project. If the project result is accurate, the third objective is successfully achieved. 5.3 Recommendation There are also some future expansions that can be done in order to improve this prototype. This prototype developed for computer platform only. This prototype can be developed in the PDA or handheld hand phone. Recommendation for future is the samples of Malaysian cars should be various because from that the result can be more accurate. 5.4 Conclusion There are many ways to perform edge detection. Various edge detection algorithms have been developed in the process of finding the perfect edge detector. Some of the edge detection operators that are discussed in this thesis are Prewitt, Sobel, and Kirsch operators. In this case, there are three criteria for optimal edge detections. First good detection where the optimal detector must minimize the probability of false positives, as well as that of false negatives. Second, good localization where the edges detected must be as close as possible to the true edges and finally, single response constraint where the detector must return one point only for each true edge point; that is, minimize the number of local maxima around the true edge (Trucco, 2006).

Nuclear powers role in environmental protection :: essays research papers

Nuclear power's role in environmental protection | Nuclear techniques for environmental protection Nuclear power can be an effective tool in reducing stress on the environment. Environmental concerns are high on today's political agenda. People's awareness of the planet's precarious health has been reinforced by scientific warnings that quick, vigorous, and sustained action must be taken if we are to preserve the world in which we live. Public perception and anxiety about acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and the greenhouse effect have been heightened in recent years. Enhanced awareness offers an unprecedented opportunity for members of the world community to make rational, informed decisions in the environmental debate. Energy, in particular electricity generation, is fundamental to social and economic development. The use of hydropower, coal, oil and gas has helped to stimulate economic growth and raise the standards of living of people worldwide. All major forms of electricity generation, however, have some effect on the environment, frequently with starkly negative results. The burning of fossil fuels, scientists say, can contribute some 50 percent to the warming of the global atmosphere. Man's harnessing of these resources involves risks to the environment, as well as to people involved in activities associated with energy technologies. The link between energy and the environment is undeniable. The world must therefore carefully examine its energy alternatives, and alternatives must be found to reduce the influence of fossile fuels on the environment, in parallel with conservation efforts. Nuclear energy can claim to be a clean, economical option for the generation of electricity and as one when looking at ways to help relieve stress on the environment. Conclusions of the 14th Congress of the World Energy Conference in Montreal in late September, 1989 indicate that environmental effects of energy uses and the world's growing demand for electricity are prime reasons warranting a renewed emphasis on nuclear power. Conservation is a significant, realistic, and necessary element in trying to reduce the burning of fossil fuels. Conservation implies both a more efficient and more discriminating use of energy. But, as the former International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) Director General Dr. Hans Blix has said, current plans of developing countries foresee a sharp increase in the use of fossil fuels. This means that if we are to succeed in stabilizing and indeed diminishing the greenhouse effect, industrialized countries must make the major effort. Nuclear power can be one effective tool in this vital endeavour.

Gilman Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essays

Gilman Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, "The Yellow Wallpaper," is the disheartening tale of a woman suffering from postpartum depression. Set during the late 1890s, the story shows the mental and emotional results of the typical "rest cure" prescribed during that era and the narrator’s reaction to this course of treatment. It would appear that Gilman was writing about her own anguish as she herself underwent such a treatment with Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell in 1887, just two years after the birth of her daughter Katherine. The rest cure that the narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" describes is very close to what Gilman herself experienced; therefore, the story can be read as reflecting the feelings of women like herself who suffered through such treatments. Because of her experience with the rest cure, it can even be said that Gilman based the narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" loosely on herself. But I believe that expressing her negative feelings about the popula r rest cure is only half of the message that Gilman wanted to send. Within the subtext of this story lies the theme of oppression: the oppression of the rights of women especially inside of marriage. Gilman was using the woman/women behind the wallpaper to express her personal views on this issue. The two common threads that connect Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the narrator in her story are depression/postpartum depression, and entrapment within their roles as of women. Specifically, Gilman and the narrator are trying to escape the function society has placed on them. First, after fulfilling their expected duties as wife and mother, both Gilman and the narrator become depressed after the birth of their child. It is this d... ...f all "of those creeping women" trying to escape from the oldness that trapped them, acted as a premonition for changes in women’s rights movement (Gilman 89). For Gilman and her story "The Yellow Wallpaper" life is imitating art.    Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." Images of Woman in American Popular Culture. Ed. Angela G. Dorenkamp, et al. Port Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1995. 78-89. Kessler, Carol Parley. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860 -1935." Modem American Women Writers. Ed. Elaine Showalter, et al. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1991. 155 -169. Scharnhorst, Gary. "Gilman." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. 209-210. Wagner-Martin, Linda. "The Yellow Wallpaper." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. 981- 982.